用大质量远距离星团同时证伪LCDM和Quintessence
Simultaneous Falsification of LCDM and Quintessence with Massive, Distant Clusters
摘要：
即使是对单个大质量星系团的观测，特别是在高红移的情况下，也可以通过暴露出测量良好的膨胀历史和它预测的结构增长之间的不一致性来证伪由宇宙学常数和具有高斯初始条件的冷暗物质（LCDM）组成的标准宇宙学框架。通过对当前宇宙学数据约束膨胀历史的可能性分析，我们表明，LCDM的预期数量的大规模，遥远的集群的上限几乎相同的限制预测的所有精髓模型，其中暗能量是一个最低限度的耦合标量场与一个典型的动力学项。我们提供了方便的拟合公式的置信水平，在该水平下观察的质量M在红移z可以证伪LCDM和quintessence给定宇宙学参数的不确定性和样本方差，以及预期数量的这样的集群在光锥和爱丁顿偏置因子，必须适用于观察到的质量。根据我们保守的置信标准，这相当于要求质量比在几百平方度的调查中通常预期的大3倍，目前已知的星系团都没有证伪这些模型。各种系统误差，包括质量函数形式的不确定性和超新星光变曲线拟合器之间的差异，通常会使排除曲线的质量偏移不到10%，使当前星团质量测定的统计和系统不确定性成为评估LCDM和quintessence证伪的最关键因素。
英文摘要：
Observation of even a single massive cluster, especially at high redshift, can falsify the standard cosmological framework consisting of a cosmological constant and cold dark matter (LCDM) with Gaussian initial conditions by exposing an inconsistency between the well-measured expansion history and the growth of structure it predicts. Through a likelihood analysis of current cosmological data that constrain the expansion history, we show that the LCDM upper limits on the expected number of massive, distant clusters are nearly identical to limits predicted by all quintessence models where dark energy is a minimally coupled scalar field with a canonical kinetic term. We provide convenient fitting formulas for the confidence level at which the observation of a cluster of mass M at redshift z can falsify LCDM and quintessence given cosmological parameter uncertainties and sample variance, as well as for the expected number of such clusters in the light cone and the Eddington bias factor that must be applied to observed masses. By our conservative confidence criteria, which equivalently require masses 3 times larger than typically expected in surveys of a few hundred square degrees, none of the presently known clusters falsify these models. Various systematic errors, including uncertainties in the form of the mass function and differences between supernova light curve fitters, typically shift the exclusion curves by less than 10% in mass, making current statistical and systematic uncertainties in cluster mass determination the most critical factor in assessing falsification of LCDM and quintessence.
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