垂直振动的气液界面：表面变形和破裂
Vertically-Vibrated Gas-Liquid Interfaces: Surface Deformation and Breakup
摘要：
在1831年的开创性工作中，法拉第证明了垂直振动的气-液界面在一定的频率或振幅下会出现从平坦状态到波浪形构型的倍周期分叉。使用薄层水进行的典型实验产生“法拉第波纹”，中等振幅的非线性驻波。Hashimoto和Sudo（1980）和Jameson（1966）后来的实验以及本研究中所做的实验表明，在一定范围的振动条件下，气液自由表面可以产生更剧烈的扰动。使用聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）硅油的深层在一定范围的粘度和正弦的主要是轴向振动条件下（其可以在气-液自由表面处产生剧烈扰动）实验地检查这种破裂机制。大振幅振动产生液体射流进入气体，液滴从射流中夹断，液滴撞击液体中的气穴，以及界面下方的气泡传输，所有这些都可以在视频中看到。使用覆盖粘度范围（1-50 cSt，即，1-50乘以标称水）和相对低的表面张力（例如，0.25在振动条件范围内（100-150 Hz，小于300微米位移，产生范围从4到7倍重力加速度的加速度），含有硅油的圆筒内径为25.4mm，长约100 mm。它通常填充有PDMS液体的一半，上面是环境空气。高速视频以每秒600至1000帧的速度记录。应用包括液体燃料火箭、惯性传感装置、移动车辆、混合过程和声激励。
英文摘要：
In his pioneering work of 1831, Faraday demonstrated that a vertically vibrated gas-liquid interface exhibits a period-doubling bifurcation from a flat state to a wavy configuration at certain frequencies or amplitudes. Typical experiments performed using thin layers of water produce "Faraday ripples", modest-amplitude nonlinear standing waves. Later experiments by Hashimoto and Sudo (1980) and Jameson (1966) as well as those performed in the present study show that much more dramatic disturbances can be generated at the gas-liquid free surface under certain ranges of vibration conditions. This breakup mechanism was examined experimentally using deep layers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone oils over a range of viscosity and sinusoidal, primarily axial vibration conditions that can produce dramatic disturbances at the gas-liquid free surface. Large-amplitude vibrations produce liquid jets into the gas, droplets pinching off from the jets, gas cavities in the liquid from droplet impact, and bubble transport below the interface, all of which can be seen in the videos. Experiments were performed using several different PDMS silicone oils covering a range of viscosity (1-50 cSt, i.e., 1-50 times nominal water) and relatively low surface tension (e.g., 0.25 times nominal water) over a range of vibration conditions (100-150 Hz, less than 300 micron displacement, yielding accelerations ranging from 4 to 7 times gravitational acceleration). The cylinder containing the silicone oil was 25.4 mm inner diameter and approximately 100 mm long. It was typically filled halfway with the PDMS liquid, with ambient air above. High-speed videos were recorded at 600 to 1000 frames per second. Applications include liquid fuel rockets, inertial sensing devices, moving vehicles, mixing processes, and acoustic excitation.
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