零开尔文时发散的specific heat：热力学第三定律的崩溃
Divergent specific heat at zero Kelvins: breakdown of the Third law of thermodynamics
摘要：
热力学是物理学的一个分支，主要研究宏观物体的描述、热交换和不同形式能量的转换，它基于四个定律：第零定律，它说明热接触的物体达到热平衡状态，第一定律，它假定能量守恒并确定不同形式的能量相互转化的方式，第二定律，第三定律（或能斯特假设）指出，当温度接近0 K时，任何系统的熵接近恒定的最小值。第三定律的一个直接结果是，任何系统的比热在其温度降到零开尔文时收敛到零。在这里，我们表明，第三定律是违反了一类广泛的费米子系统，通过计算比热，并表明它发散到无穷大时，绝对零度温度接近。到目前为止，物理学中还没有发现这四个定律的例外。这些发现要求对自然界最基本的法则之一进行修正。
英文摘要：
Thermodynamics, the branch of physics concerned with the description of macroscopic bodies, heat exchange and the conversion of different forms of energy is based on four laws: the zeroth law, which states that bodies in thermal contact reach a state of thermal equilibrium, the first law, which postulates the energy conservation and establishes the way in which different forms of energy transform into each-other, the second law, which states that the entropy increases or stays constant in time in any isolated system, and, finally, the third law (or Nernst postulate), which states that the entropy of any system approaches a constant minimum when temperature approaches 0 K. One of the direct consequences of the third law is that the specific heat of any system converges to zero when its temperature decreases to zero Kelvins. Here we show that the third law is violated in a wide class of fermionic systems, by calculating the specific heat and showing that it diverges to infinity when the absolute zero temperature is approached. Until now, no exception to these four laws is know in physics. These findings ask for the revision of one of the most fundamental laws of nature.
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