利用脉冲星计时测量太阳系行星的质量
Measuring the mass of solar system planets using pulsar timing
摘要：
高精度的脉冲星计时依赖于太阳系星历，以便将天文台测量的脉冲到达时间（TOA）转换为太阳系重心。在转换到重心TOA的过程中，任何误差都会导致观测到的计时残差发生系统性变化;具体来说，不正确的行星质量会导致主要的正弦变化，其周期和相位与行星绕太阳的轨道运动有关。本文用一组PSRs（J 0437 -4715，J1744-1134，J1857+0943，J1909-3744）测定了从水星到土星的行星系的质量。这些质量与航天器观测所确定的最著名的质量一致，木星系统的质量为9.547921（2）E-4 Msun，比先锋号和旅行者号航天器确定的质量要精确得多，与伽利略号航天器确定的质量一致，但不如伽利略号航天器确定的质量准确。虽然航天器有可能对太阳系的各个天体进行最精确的测量，但脉冲星技术对行星系的质量很敏感，有可能为某些行星提供最精确的质量值。
英文摘要：
High-precision pulsar timing relies on a solar-system ephemeris in order to convert times of arrival (TOAs) of pulses measured at an observatory to the solar system barycenter. Any error in the conversion to the barycentric TOAs leads to a systematic variation in the observed timing residuals; specifically, an incorrect planetary mass leads to a predominantly sinusoidal variation having a period and phase associated with the planet's orbital motion about the Sun. By using an array of pulsars (PSRs J0437-4715, J1744-1134, J1857+0943, J1909-3744), the masses of the planetary systems from Mercury to Saturn have been determined. These masses are consistent with the best-known masses determined by spacecraft observations, with the mass of the Jovian system, 9.547921(2)E-4 Msun, being significantly more accurate than the mass determined from the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft, and consistent with but less accurate than the value from the Galileo spacecraft. While spacecraft are likely to produce the most accurate measurements for individual solar system bodies, the pulsar technique is sensitive to planetary system masses and has the potential to provide the most accurate values of these masses for some planets.
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