We present Spitzer Space Telescope observations of 11 regions SE of the Bright Bar in the Orion Nebula, along a radial from the exciting star theta1OriC, extending from 2.6 to 12.1'. Our Cycle 5 programme obtained deep spectra with matching IRS short-high (SH) and long-high (LH) aperture grid patterns. Most previous IR missions observed only the inner few arcmin. Orion is the benchmark for studies of the ISM particularly for elemental abundances. Spitzer observations provide a unique perspective on the Ne and S abundances by virtue of observing the dominant ionization states of Ne (Ne+, Ne++) and S (S++, S3+) in Orion and H II regions in general. The Ne/H abundance ratio is especially well determined, with a value of (1.01+/-0.08)E-4. We obtained corresponding new ground-based spectra at CTIO. These optical data are used to estimate the electron temperature, electron density, optical extinction, and the S+/S++ ratio at each of our Spitzer positions. That permits an adjustment for the total gas-phase S abundance because no S+ line is observed by Spitzer. The gas-phase S/H abundance ratio is (7.68+/-0.30)E-6. The Ne/S abundance ratio may be determined even when the weaker hydrogen line, H(7-6) here, is not measured. The mean value, adjusted for the optical S+/S++ ratio, is Ne/S = 13.0+/-0.6. We derive the electron density versus distance from theta1OriC for [S III] and [S II]. Both distributions are for the most part decreasing with increasing distance. A dramatic find is the presence of high-ionization Ne++ all the way to the outer optical boundary ~12' from theta1OriC. This IR result is robust, whereas the optical evidence from observations of high-ionization species (e.g. O++) at the outer optical boundary suffers uncertainty because of scattering of emission from the much brighter inner Huygens Region.
We present a survey of the Orion A and B molecular clouds undertaken with the IRAC and MIPS instruments onboard Spitzer. In total, five distinct fields were mapped covering 9 sq. degrees in five mid-IR bands spanning 3-24 microns. The survey includes the Orion Nebula Cluster, the Lynds 1641, 1630 and 1622 dark clouds, and the NGC 2023, 2024, 2068 and 2071 nebulae. These data are merged with the 2MASS point source catalog to generate a catalog of eight band photometry. We identify 3479 dusty young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Orion molecular clouds by searching for point sources with mid-IR co…
We present our investigation of 319 Class II objects in Orion A observed by $Spitzer$/IRS. We also present the follow-up observation of 120 of these Class II objects in Orion A from IRTF/SpeX. We measure continuum spectral indices, equivalent widths, and integrated fluxes that pertain to disk structure and dust composition from IRS spectra of Class II objects in Orion A. We estimate mass accretion rates using hydrogen recombination lines in the SpeX spectra of our targets. Utilizing these properties, we compare the distributions of the disk and dust properties of Orion A disks to those of Taur…
We analyze the spatial distribution of dusty young stellar objects (YSOs) identified in the Spitzer Survey of the Orion Molecular clouds, augmenting these data with Chandra X-ray observations to correct for incompleteness in dense clustered regions. We also devise a scheme to correct for spatially varying incompleteness when X-ray data are not available. The local surface densities of the YSOs range from 1 pc$^{-2}$ to over 10,000 pc$^{-2}$, with protostars tending to be in higher density regions. This range of densities is similar to other surveyed molecular clouds with clusters, but broader …
Surveys with the Spitzer and Herschel space observatories are now enabling the discovery and characterization of large samples of protostars in nearby molecular clouds, providing the observational basis for a detailed understanding of star formation in diverse environments. We are pursuing this goal with the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS), which targets 328 Spitzer-identified protostars in the Orion molecular clouds, the largest star-forming region in the nearest 500 pc. The sample encompasses all phases of protostellar evolution and a wide range of formation environments, from dense c…
Interstellar dust is a key element in our understanding of the interstellar medium and star formation. The manner in which dust populations evolve with the excitation and the physical conditions is a first step in the comprehension of the evolution of inter- stellar dust. Within the framework of the Evolution of interstellar dust Herschel key program, we have acquired PACS and SPIRE spec- trophotometric observations of various photodissociation regions, to characterise this evolution. The aim of this paper is to trace the evolution of dust grains in the Orion Bar photodissociation region. We u…
We have investigated the water abundance in shock-heated molecular gas, making use of $Herschel$ measurements of far-infrared CO and H$_2$O line emissions in combination with $Spitzer$ measurements of mid-IR H$_2$ rotational emissions. We present far-infrared line spectra obtained with $Herschel$'s PACS instrument in range spectroscopy mode towards two positions in the protostellar outflow NGC 2071 and one position each in the supernova remnants W28 and 3C391. These spectra provide unequivocal detections, at one or more positions, of 12 rotational lines of water, 14 rotational lines of CO, 8 r…
Our main goal is to derive a new extinction map of the OMC-1, obtaining information about the structure of the OMC-1 and the Orion Nebula Cluster. The most recent near-infrared catalog of stars is used to study the distribution of reddening across a ~0.3 deg^2 area covering the Orion Nebula Cluster. On the basis of the observed (H,H-K_S) diagram, we establish a criterion for disentangling contaminants from bona-fide cluster members. For contaminant stars, interstellar reddenings are estimated by comparison with a synthetic galactic model. A statistical analysis is then performed to consistentl…
At least half of a protostar's mass is accreted in the Class 0 phase, when the central protostar is deeply embedded in a dense, infalling envelope. We present the first systematic search for outbursts from Class 0 protostars in the Orion clouds. Using photometry from Spitzer/IRAC spanning 2004 to 2017, we detect three outbursts from Class 0 protostars with $\ge 2$ mag changes at 3.6 or 4.5 $μ$m. This is comparable to the magnitude change of a known protostellar FU Ori outburst. Two are newly detected bursts from the protostars HOPS 12 and 124. The number of detections implies that Class 0 prot…
We present 5--14~$μ$m spectra at two different positions across the Orion Bar photodissociation region (PDR) obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope and 3.3~$μ$m PAH observations obtained with the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). We aim to characterize emission from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH), dust, atomic and molecular hydrogen, argon, sulfur, and neon as a function of distance from the primary illuminating source. We find that all the major PAH bands peak between the ionization front and the PDR front, as traced by H$_{2…
We present combined VLA and Green Bank Telescope images of \ammonia\ inversion transitions (1,1) and (2,2) toward OMC2 and OMC3. We focus on the relatively quiescent Orion cores, which are away from the Trapezium cluster and have no sign of massive protostars nor evolved star formation, such as IRAS source, water maser, and methanol maser. The 5\arcsec\ angular resolution and $0.6 \rm{}km\,s^{-1}$ velocity resolution of these data enable us to study the thermal and dynamic state of these cores at $\sim{}0.02 \rm{}pc$ scales, comparable to or smaller than those of the current dust continuum sur…
Thermal emission from cold dust grains in giant molecular clouds can be used to probe the physical properties, such as density, temperature and emissivity in star-forming regions. We present the SCUBA-2 shared-risk observations at 450 $μ$m and 850 $μ$m of the Orion A molecular cloud complex taken at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). Previous studies showed that molecular emission lines can contribute significantly to the measured fluxes in those continuum bands. We use the HARP $^{12}$CO J=3-2 integrated intensity map for Orion A in order to evaluate the molecular line contamination an…
We present a subset of the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Gould Belt Survey's "first-look" results of the southern extent of the Orion A molecular cloud. Employing a two-step structure identification process, we constructed individual catalogues for large-scale regions of significant emission labeled as "islands" and smaller-scale subregions called "fragments" using the 850 $μ$m continuum maps obtained using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2). We highlight the relationship between the concentration and Jeans stability for regions of significant emission and present the re…
We present an XMM-Newton survey of the part of Orion A cloud south of the Orion Nebula. This survey includes the Lynds 1641 (L1641) dark cloud, a region of the Orion A cloud with very few massive stars and hence a relatively low ambient UV flux, and the region around the O9 III star Iota Orionis. In addition to proprietary data, we used archival XMM data of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) to extend our analysis to a major fraction of the Orion A cloud. We have detected 1060 X-ray sources in L1641 and Iota Ori region. About 94% of the sources have 2MASS & Spitzer counterparts, 204 and 23 being C…
The [CII] 158$μ$m fine-structure line is the dominant cooling line of moderate-density photodissociation regions (PDRs) illuminated by moderately bright far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation fields. We aim to understand the origin of [CII] emission and its relation to other tracers of gas and dust in PDRs. One focus is a study of the heating efficiency of interstellar gas as traced by the [CII] line to test models of the photoelectric heating of neutral gas by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules and very small grains. We make use of a one-square-degree map of velocity-resolved [CII] line…
We present fully sampled ~3' resolution images of the 12CO(J=2-1), 13CO(J=2-1), and C18O(J=2-1) emission taken with the newly developed 1.85-m mm-submm telescope toward the entire area of the Orion A and B giant molecular clouds. The data were compared with the J=1-0 of the 12CO, 13CO, and C18O data taken with the Nagoya 4-m telescope and the NANTEN telescope at the same angular resolution to derive the spatial distributions of the physical properties of the molecular gas. We explore the large velocity gradient formalism to determine the gas density and temperature by using the line combinatio…
We have extended and refined the existing young stellar object (YSO) catalogs for the Orion A molecular cloud, the closest massive star-forming region to Earth. This updated catalog is driven by the large spatial coverage (18.3 deg$^2$, $\sim$950 pc$^2$), seeing limited resolution ($\sim$0.7$"$), and sensitivity ($K_s<19$ mag) of the ESO-VISTA near-infrared survey of the Orion A cloud (VISION). Combined with archival mid- to far-infrared data, the VISTA data allow for a refined and more robust source selection. We estimate that among previously known protostars and pre-main-sequence stars with…
We present observations of the Auriga-California Molecular Cloud (AMC) at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0, 24, 70 and 160 micron observed with the IRAC and MIPS detectors as part of the Spitzer Gould Belt Legacy Survey. The total mapped areas are 2.5 sq-deg with IRAC and 10.47 sq-deg with MIPS. This giant molecular cloud is one of two in the nearby Gould Belt of star-forming regions, the other being the Orion A Molecular Cloud (OMC). We compare source counts, colors and magnitudes in our observed region to a subset of the SWIRE data that was processed through our pipeline. Using color-magnitude and color-c…
We study the stellar population properties of the IRAC-detected $6 \lesssim z \lesssim 10$ galaxy candidates from the Spitzer UltRa Faint SUrvey Program (SURFS UP). Using the Lyman Break selection technique, we find a total of 16 new galaxy candidates at $6 \lesssim z \lesssim 10$ with $S/N \geq 3$ in at least one of the IRAC $3.6μ$m and $4.5μ$m bands. According to the best mass models available for the surveyed galaxy clusters, these IRAC-detected galaxy candidates are magnified by factors of $\sim 1.2$--$5.5$. We find that the IRAC-detected $6 \lesssim z \lesssim 10$ sample is likely not a h…
We study the coherence of the near-infrared and X-ray background fluctuations and the X-ray spectral properties of the sources producing it. We use data from multiple Spitzer and Chandra surveys, including the UDS/SXDF surveys, the Hubble Deep Field North, the EGS/AEGIS field, the Chandra Deep Field South and the COSMOS surveys, comprising $\sim$2275 Spitzer/IRAC hours and $\sim$~16 Ms of Chandra data collected over a total area of $\sim$~1~deg$^2$. We report an overall $\sim$5$σ$ detection of a cross-power signal on large angular scales $>$ 20$''$ between the 3.6 and 4.5\mum\ and the X-ray ba…
We present a sample of resolved galactic HII regions and photodissociation regions (PDRs) observed with the Spitzer infrared spectrograph (IRS) in spectral mapping mode between the wavelengths of 5--15 $μ$m. For each object we have spectral maps at a spatial resolution of $\sim$4" in which we have measured all of the mid-infrared emission and absorption features. These include the PAH emission bands, primarily at 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2 and 12.7 $μ$m, as well as the spectral emission lines of neon and sulfur and the absorption band caused by silicate dust at around 9.8 $μ$m. In this work we descri…
This work reports a high spatial resolution observations toward Orion KL region with high critical density lines of CH$_{3}$CN (12$_{4}$-11$_{4}$) and CH$_{3}$OH (8$_{-1, 8}$-7$_{0, 7}$) as well as continuum at $\sim$1.3 mm band. The observations were made using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array with a spatial resolution of $\sim$1.5$^{\prime\prime}$ and sensitives about 0.07 K and $\sim$0.18 K for continuum and line, respectively. The observational results showed that the gas in the Orion KL region consists of jet-propelled cores at the ridge and dense cores at east and south o…
We present \emph{Herschel} PACS observations of 8 Classical T Tauri Stars in the $\sim 7-10$ Myr old OB1a and the $\sim 4-5$ Myr old OB1b Orion sub-asscociations. Detailed modeling of the broadband spectral energy distributions, particularly the strong silicate emission at 10 $μ$m, shows that these objects are (pre)transitional disks with some amount of small optically thin dust inside their cavities, ranging from $\sim 4$ AU to $\sim 90$ AU in size. We analyzed \emph{Spitzer} IRS spectra for two objects in the sample: CVSO-107 and CVSO-109. The IRS spectrum of CVSO-107 indicates the presence …
(Abridged) The HST Frontier Fields project started at the end of 2013 with the aim of providing extremely deep images of 6 massive galaxy clusters. One of the main goals of this program is to push several telescopes to their limits in order to provide the best current view of the earliest stages of the Universe. We present a detailed analysis of $z$$\sim$8 objects behind the HFFs lensing cluster, MACS0416-2403, combining 0.3-1.6 $μ$m imaging from HST, ground-based $K_s$ imaging from VLT HAWK-I, and 3.6 $μ$m and 4.5 $μ$m Spitzer Space Telescope. We apply the classical Lyman Break technique, com…
We investigate the mid-infrared (IR) emission in the Orion Bar photodissociation region, using archival photometric and spectroscopic observations from UKIRT, Spitzer, ISO, and SOFIA telescopes. Specifically, we consider flux densities of the emission bands at 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 6.6, 7.7, 11.2~$μ$m in several locations and a spectrum from 3 to 45~$μ$m in one location. We study the behaviour of band flux ratios, which are sensitive to external conditions, as revealed by their variations with the distance from an ionizing source. Assuming that the mid-IR emission arises mostly from polycyclic aromat…
We take advantage of new 100-hour Spitzer/IRAC observations available for MACS0647-JD, a strongly lensed $z\approx11$ galaxy candidate, to provide improved constraints on its physical properties. Probing the physical properties of galaxies at $z>8$ is challenging due to the inherent faintness of such sources and the limited wavelength coverage available. Thanks to the high $\approx$2-6$\times$ lensing magnification of the multiple images of MACS0647-JD, we can use the sensitive Spitzer/IRAC data to probe the rest-frame optical fluxes of MACS0647-JD and investigate its physical properties inclu…
X-shooter survey Across Regions and Ages to probe Disk Evolution (ARADE): Accretion properties in Orion A and their relation with disk masses
European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin（都柏林三一学院，都柏林大学）；Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences（奥地利科学院空间研究所）；Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)—Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo（意大利国家天体物理研究所（INAF）—巴勒莫天文台）；Maynooth University Department of Physics, National University of Ireland Maynooth（梅努斯大学物理系，爱尔兰国立大学梅努斯分校）；University College Dublin（都柏林大学学院）；Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München（慕尼黑大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik（马克斯·普朗克地外物理学研究所）
We study the fragmentation of the nearest high line-mass filament, the integral shaped filament (ISF, line-mass $\sim$ 400 M$_\odot$ pc$^{-1}$) in the Orion A molecular cloud. We have observed a 1.6 pc long section of the ISF with the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 3 mm continuum emission, at a resolution of $\sim$3" (1 200 AU). We identify from the region 43 dense cores with masses about a solar mass. 60% of the ALMA cores are protostellar and 40\% are starless. The nearest neighbour separations of the cores do not show a preferred fragmentation scale; the frequency of…
Proplyds are photodissociation region (PDR)-like cometary cocoons around young stars which are thought to originate through photo-evaporation of the central protoplanetary disk by external UV radiation from the nearby OB stars. This letter presents spatially resolved mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the proplyd HST10 obtained with the VLT/VISIR instrument. These observations allow us to detect Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) emission in the proplyd photodissociation region and to study the general properties of PAHs in proplyds for the first time. We find that PAHs in HST10 are …
The Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) is the nearest dense star-forming region at $\sim$400 pc away, making it an ideal target to study the impact of high stellar density and proximity to massive stars (the Trapezium) on protoplanetary disk evolution. The OMC1 molecular cloud is a region of high extinction situated behind the Trapezium in which actively forming stars are shielded from the Trapezium's strong radiation. In this work, we survey disks at high resolution with ALMA at three wavelengths with resolutions of 0.095\arcsec (3 mm; Band 3), 0.048\arcsec (1.3 mm; Band 6), and 0.030\arcsec (0.85 mm…
We present results from a fifteen-month campaign of high-cadence (~ 3 days) mid-infrared Spitzer and optical (B and V ) monitoring of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 6418, with the objective of determining the characteristic size of the dusty torus in this active galactic nucleus (AGN). We find that the 3.6 $μ$m and 4.5 $μ$m flux variations lag behind those of the optical continuum by $37.2^{+2.4}_{-2.2}$ days and $47.1^{+3.1}_{-3.1}$ days, respectively. We report a cross-correlation time lag between the 4.5 $μ$m and 3.6 $μ$m flux of $13.9^{+0.5}_{-0.1}$ days. The lags indicate that the dust emitting…
We present the JCMT Gould Belt Survey's first look results of the southern extent of the Orion A Molecular Cloud ($δ\leq -5\mathrm{:}31\mathrm{:}27.5$). Employing a two-step structure identification process, we construct individual catalogues for large-scale regions of significant emission labelled as islands and smaller-scale subregions called fragments using the 850 $μ$m continuum maps obtained using SCUBA-2. We calculate object masses, sizes, column densities, and concentrations. We discuss fragmentation in terms of a Jeans instability analysis and highlight interesting structures as candid…
We report Submillimeter Array dust continuum and molecular spectral line observations toward the Orion Bar photon-dominated region (PDR). The 1.2 mm continuum map reveals, for the first time, a total of 9 compact (r < 0.01pc) dust condensations located within a distance of ~0.03 pc from the dissociation front of the PDR. Part of the dust condensations are seen in spectral line emissions of CS (5-4) and H$_2$CS ($7_{1,7}$-$6_{1,6}$), though the CS map also reveals dense gas further away from the dissociation front. We detect compact emissions in H$_2$CS ($6_{0,6}$-$5_{0,5}$), ($6_{2,4}$-$5_{2,3…
In bright photodissociation regions (PDRs) associated to massive star formation, the presence of dense "clumps" that are immersed in a less dense interclump medium is often proposed to explain the difficulty of models to account for the observed gas emission in high-excitation lines. We aim at presenting a comprehensive view of the modeling of the CO rotational ladder in PDRs, including the high-J lines that trace warm molecular gas at PDR interfaces. We observed the 12CO and 13CO ladders in two prototypical PDRs, the Orion Bar and NGC 7023 NW using the instruments onboard Herschel. We also co…
We present 36 spectroscopically confirmed intrinsically UV-faint Ly$α$ emitting galaxies from follow-up observations with Keck/DEIMOS of gravitationally lensed high-redshift candidates. Candidates were selected to be between $5\lesssim z \lesssim 7$ from photometric data using \textit{HST} and \textit{Spitzer} imaging surveys. We used photometric redshift information to perform an integrated photometric redshift probability cut $>1\%$ between $5<z<7$ to construct a sample of 198 high-redshift objects. Our high-redshift sample spans intrinsic UV luminosities from a few $L^*$ down to $0.001L^*$.…
