个体化是人类集群现象的驱动力
Individualization as driving force of clustering phenomena in humans
摘要：
生物系统中最令人感兴趣的动力学之一是集群的出现，即个体的自组织成分离的聚集体。已经发展了几种理论来解释集群，例如，多细胞生物，蚁群，蜂巢，鸟群，鱼群和动物群。然而，一个持续存在的难题是人类群体中的意见集群。如果意见不断变化，例如公民支持或反对疫苗接种计划的程度，这个难题就特别紧迫。现有的意见形成模型表明，从长远来看，“单一文化”是不可避免的，除非人口的子集完全相互分离。然而，社会多样性是一个强有力的经验现象，尽管在一个联系日益紧密的世界中，完美的分离几乎是不可能的。考虑随机性并没有克服理论上的缺陷。个人观点的微小扰动会引发社会影响力的级联，不可避免地导致单一文化，而更大的噪音会扰乱观点集群，导致没有任何社会结构的猖獗的个人主义。我们对这个难题的解决方案建立在最近的实证研究基础上，将社会影响的整合趋势与个性化的解体效应相结合。新计算模型的一个关键要素是一种自适应噪声。我们进行模拟实验，以证明这种噪声，第三阶段，除了个人主义和单一文化成为可能，其特征在于形成亚稳态集群之间的多样性和集群内的共识。当集群很小时，个体化倾向太弱，无法阻止集群的融合。然而，当集群变得太大时，个体化的强度会增加，这会促进集群的分裂。
英文摘要：
One of the most intriguing dynamics in biological systems is the emergence of clustering, the self-organization into separated agglomerations of individuals. Several theories have been developed to explain clustering in, for instance, multi-cellular organisms, ant colonies, bee hives, flocks of birds, schools of fish, and animal herds. A persistent puzzle, however, is clustering of opinions in human populations. The puzzle is particularly pressing if opinions vary continuously, such as the degree to which citizens are in favor of or against a vaccination program. Existing opinion formation models suggest that "monoculture" is unavoidable in the long run, unless subsets of the population are perfectly separated from each other. Yet, social diversity is a robust empirical phenomenon, although perfect separation is hardly possible in an increasingly connected world. Considering randomness did not overcome the theoretical shortcomings so far. Small perturbations of individual opinions trigger social influence cascades that inevitably lead to monoculture, while larger noise disrupts opinion clusters and results in rampant individualism without any social structure. Our solution of the puzzle builds on recent empirical research, combining the integrative tendencies of social influence with the disintegrative effects of individualization. A key element of the new computational model is an adaptive kind of noise. We conduct simulation experiments to demonstrate that with this kind of noise, a third phase besides individualism and monoculture becomes possible, characterized by the formation of metastable clusters with diversity between and consensus within clusters. When clusters are small, individualization tendencies are too weak to prohibit a fusion of clusters. When clusters grow too large, however, individualization increases in strength, which promotes their splitting.
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