The WIRCAM Deep Infrared Cluster Survey I: Groups and Clusters at z > 1.1
R. M. Bielby, A. Finoguenov, M. Tanaka, H. J. McCracken, E. Daddi, P. Hudelot, O. Ilbert, J. P. Kneib, O. Le Févre, Y. Mellier, K. Nandra, P. Petitjean, R. Sria… 展开作者
R. M. Bielby, A. Finoguenov, M. Tanaka, H. J. McCracken, E. Daddi, P. Hudelot, O. Ilbert, J. P. Kneib, O. Le Févre, Y. Mellier, K. Nandra, P. Petitjean, R. Srianand, C. S. Stalin, C. J. Willott
We use CFHTLS deep optical data, WIRCam Deep Survey (WIRDS) NIR data and XMM data to identify z>1.1 clusters in the CFHTLS D1 and D4 fields. Counterparts to such clusters can not be identified without deep NIR data and as such the total of =1deg2 of J , H & Ks band imaging provided by WIRDS is an indispensable tool in such work. Using public XMM X-ray data, we identify extended X-ray sources in the two fields. The resulting catalogue of extended X-ray sources was analyzed for optical/NIR counterparts, using a red-sequence algorithm. Redshifts of candidate groups and clusters were estimated using the median photometric redshifts of detected counterparts and where available spectroscopic data. Additionally, we surveyed X-ray point sources for potential group systems at the limit of our detection range in the X-ray data. A catalogue of z > 1.1 cluster candidates in the two fields has been compiled and cluster masses, radii and temperatures have been estimated using the scaling relations. The catalogue consists of 15 z > 1.1 candidates. Three of the detections are previously published extended X-ray sources. Of note is JKSC 041 for which we identify possible structures at z = 0.8, z = 0.96, z = 1.13 and z = 1.49. We also make an independent detection of the massive cluster, XMMXCS J2215.9-1738. We use the z > 1.1 catalogue to compare the cluster number counts in these fields with models based on WMAP 7-year cosmology and find that the models slightly over-predict the observations, whilst at z>1.5 we do not detect any clusters. We note that cluster number counts at z > 1.1 are highly sensitive to the cosmological model, however a significant reduction in present statistical (due to available survey area) and systematic (due to cluster scaling relations) uncertainties is required in order to confidently constrain cosmological parameters using cluster number counts at high redshift.
We present wide-field near-infrared J and Ks images of the Andromeda Galaxy taken with WIRCam on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) as part of the Andromeda Optical and Infrared Disk Survey (ANDROIDS). This data set allows simultaneous observations of resolved stars and NIR surface brightness across M31's entire bulge and disk (within R=22 kpc). The primary concern of this work is the development of NIR observation and reduction methods to recover a uniform surface brightness map across the 3x1 degree disk of M31. This necessitates sky-target nodding across 27 WIRCam fields. Two sky-tar…
We present a new near-infrared imaging survey in the four CFHTLS deep fields: the WIRCam Deep Survey (WIRDS). WIRDS comprises extremely deep, high quality (FWHM ~0.6") J, H and K imaging covering a total effective area of 2.1 deg^2 and reaching AB 50% completeness limits of ~24.5. We combine our images with the CFHTLS to create a unique eight-band ugrizJHK photometric catalogues in the CFHTLS deep fields; these four separate fields allow us to make a robust estimate of the effect of cosmic variance for all our measurements. We use these catalogues to estimate precise photometric redshifts, gal…
We present an analysis of the clustering of galaxies from z ~ 2 to the present day using the WIRCam Deep Survey (WIRDS). WIRDS combines deep near-infrared data with the deep optical data from the CFHTLS Deep fields, providing a photometric data-set over an effective area of 2.4 sq. deg., from which accurate photometric redshifts and stellar masses can be estimated. We use the data to calculate the angular correlation function for galaxy samples split by star-formation activity, stellar mass and redshift. We estimate the real-space clustering for each sample, determining clustering lengths and …
(abridged) We present a new near-infrared survey covering the 2 deg sq COSMOS field. Combining our survey with Subaru B and z images we construct a deep, wide-field optical-infrared catalogue. At Ks<23 (AB magnitudes) our survey completeness is greater than 90% and 70% for stars and galaxies respectively and contains 143,466 galaxies and 13,254 stars. At z~2 our catalogues contain 3931 quiescent and 25,757 star-forming BzK-selected galaxies representing the largest and most secure sample of these objects to date. Our counts of quiescent galaxies turns over at Ks~22 an effect which we demonstra…
The Andromeda Optical and Infrared Disk Survey has mapped M31 in $u^* g^\prime r^\prime i^\prime J K_s$ wavelengths out to R=40 kpc using the MegaCam and WIRCam wide-field cameras on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Our survey is uniquely designed to simultaneously resolve stars while also carefully reproducing the surface brightness of M31, allowing us to study M31's global structure in the context of both resolved stellar populations and spectral energy distributions. We use the Elixir-LSB method to calibrate the optical $u^* g^\prime r^\prime i^\prime$ images by building real-time maps o…
We present near-infrared (NIR; J & Ks) survey of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-North (GOODS-N) field. The publicly available imaging data were obtained using the MOIRCS instrument on the 8.2m Subaru and the WIRCam instrument on the 3.6m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). These observations fulfill a serious wavelength gap in the GOODS-N data - i.e., lack of deep NIR observations. We combine the Subaru/MOIRCS and CFHT/WIRCam archival data to generate deep J and Ks band images, covering the full GOODS-N field (~169 sq. arcmin) to an AB magnitude limit of ~25 mag (3sigma). We ap…
In an effort to secure, refine and supplement the relation between central Supermassive Black Hole masses (Mbh), and the bulge luminosities of their host galaxies, (Lbul), we obtained deep, high spatial resolution K-band images of 35 nearby galaxies with securely measured Mbh, using the wide-field WIRCam imager at the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope (CFHT). A dedicated data reduction and sky subtraction strategy was adopted to estimate the brightness and structure of the sky, a critical step when tracing the light distribution of extended objects in the near-infrared. From the final image produ…
The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is an extremely capable and efficient black hole finder. We present a simple mid-infrared color criterion, W1-W2 \geq 0.8 (i.e., [3.4]-[4.6] \geq 0.8, Vega), which identifies 61.9 \pm 5.4 AGN candidates per deg2 to a depth of W2 = 15.0. This implies a much larger census of luminous AGN than found by typical wide-area surveys, attributable to the fact that mid-infrared selection identifies both unobscured (type 1) and obscured (type 2) AGN. Optical and soft X-ray surveys alone are highly biased towards only unobscured AGN, while this simple WISE se…
IRMaGiC: Extending Luminous Red Galaxy Selection into the Infrared with Joint Rubin Observatory's Large Survey of Space Time and Roman's High Latitude Imaging Survey
Duke University（杜克大学）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
We present the results of a program of optical and near-infrared spectroscopic follow-up of candidate Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) selected in the mid-infrared. This survey selects both normal and obscured AGN closely matched in luminosity across a wide range, from Seyfert galaxies with bolometric luminosities L_bol~10^10L_sun, to highly luminous quasars (L_bol~10^14L_sun), and with redshifts from 0-4.3. Samples of candidate AGN were selected through mid-infrared color cuts at several different 24 micron flux density limits to ensure a range of luminosities at a given redshift. The survey cons…
We present near-infrared emission line counts and luminosity functions from the HST WFC3 Infrared Spectroscopic Parallels (WISP) program for 29 fields (0.037 deg^2) observed using both the G102 and G141 grisms. Altogether we identify 1048 emission line galaxies with observed equivalent widths greater than 40 Angstroms, 467 of which have multiple detected emission lines. The WISP survey is sensitive to fainter flux levels (3-5x10^-17 ergs/s/cm^2) than the future space near-infrared grism missions aimed at baryonic acoustic oscillation cosmology (1-4x10^-16 ergs/s/cm^2), allowing us to probe the…
Optical/near-infrared observations for 14 globular cluster (GC) systems in early- type galaxies are presented. We investigate the recent claims (Yoon, Yi & Lee 2006) of colour bimodality in GC systems being an artefact of the non linear colour - metallicity transformation driven by the horizontal branch morphology. Taking the advantage of the fact that the combination of optical and near-infrared colours can in principle break the age/metallicity degeneracy we also analyse age distributions in these systems.
We present results from the deepest Herschel-PACS (Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer) far-infrared blank field extragalactic survey, obtained by combining observations of the GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey) fields from the PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP) and GOODS-Herschel key programmes. We describe data reduction and the construction of images and catalogues. In the deepest parts of the GOODS-S field, the catalogues reach 3-sigma depths of 0.9, 0.6 and 1.3 mJy at 70, 100 and 160 um, respectively, and resolve ~75% of the cosmic infrared background at 100um and 160um in…
Infrared-Faint Radio Sources (IFRSs) are a class of radio objects found in the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS) which have no observable mid-infrared counterpart in the Spitzer Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic (SWIRE) survey. The extended Chandra Deep Field South now has even deeper Spitzer imaging (3.6 to 70 micron) from a number of Legacy surveys. We report the detections of two IFRS sources in IRAC images. The non-detection of two other IFRSs allows us to constrain the source type. Detailed modeling of the SED of these objects shows that they are consistent with high redshift (…
We explore the connections between the infrared and X-ray properties of AGNs. Using the well constrained infrared SEDs of a sample of local (i.e., z < 0.1) sample of X-ray AGNs, we develop new diagnostics that exploit 24um and 70um flux densities to identify AGN-dominated systems at z<1.5 and measure their total infrared luminosities. We apply these diagnostics to the X-ray detected AGNs in the Chandra Deep Field South and, in doing so, reveal that the infrared to X-ray luminosity ratio was a factor of ~12 higher in the early Universe compared to today. We explore possible explanations for thi…
The origin of the far-infrared emission from the nearby radio galaxy M87 remains a matter of debate. Some studies find evidence of a far-infrared excess due to thermal dust emission, whereas others propose that the far-infrared emission can be explained by synchrotron emission without the need for an additional dust emission component. We present Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of M87, taken as part of the science demonstration phase observations of the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. We compare these data with a synchrotron model based on mid-infrared, far-infrared, submm and radio data f…
We have combined the large SN Ia database of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Supernova Legacy Survey and catalogs of galaxies with photometric redshifts, VLA 1.4 GHz radio sources, and Spitzer infrared sources. We present eight SNe Ia in early-type host galaxies which have counterparts in the radio and infrared source catalogs. We find the SN Ia rate in subsets of radio and infrared early-type galaxies is ~1-5 times the rate in all early-type galaxies, and that any enhancement is always <~ 2 sigma. Rates in these subsets are consistent with predictions of the two component "A+B" SN Ia rate …
Studying quasars at the highest redshifts can constrain models of galaxy and black hole formation, and it also probes the intergalactic medium in the early universe. Optical surveys have to date discovered more than 60 quasars up to z~6.4, a limit set by the use of the z-band and CCD detectors. Only one z>6.4 quasar has been discovered, namely the z=7.08 quasar ULAS J1120+0641, using near-infrared imaging. Here we report the discovery of three new z>6.4 quasars in 332 square degrees of the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy (VIKING) survey, thus ext…
We present the results of a search for Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) emission-line galaxies with very red 3.4mum - 4.6mum (W1-W2) colours in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Preliminary Release Source Catalogue (PRSC) aiming to find objects with hot dust emission. For this purpose we considered a sample of ~16000 galaxies with strong emission lines selected out of a total of ~900000 SDSS spectra and identified them with the PRSC sources. We find that ~5000 sources out of the ~16000 SDSS galaxies are present in the PRSC, including ~1000 galaxies with sufficiently strong [OIII]43…
Future galaxy surveys will map the galaxy distribution in the redshift interval $0.5<z<2$ using near-infrared cameras and spectrographs. The primary science goal of such surveys is to constrain the nature of the dark energy by measuring the large-scale structure of the Universe. This requires a tracer of the underlying dark matter which maximizes the useful volume of the survey. We investigate two potential survey selection methods: an emission line sample based on the \ha line and a sample selected in the H-band. We present predictions for the abundance and clustering of such galaxies, using …
We present the Spitzer Archival Far-InfraRed Extragalactic Survey (SAFIRES). This program produces refined mosaics and source lists for all far-infrared extragalactic data taken during the more than six years of the cryogenic operation of the Spitzer Space Telescope. The SAFIRES products consist of far-infrared data in two wavelength bands (70 um and 160 um) across approximately 180 square degrees of sky, with source lists containing far-infrared fluxes for almost 40,000 extragalactic point sources. Thus, SAFIRES provides a large, robust archival far-infrared data set suitable for many scienti…
We demonstrate the capability of AKARI for mapping diffuse far-infrared emission and achieved reliability of all-sky diffuse map. We have conducted an all-sky survey for more than 94 % of the whole sky during cold phase of AKARI observation in 2006 Feb. -- 2007 Aug. The survey in far-infrared waveband covers 50 um -- 180 um with four bands centered at 65 um, 90 um, 140 um, and 160 um and spatial resolution of 3000 -- 4000 (FWHM).This survey has allowed us to make a revolutionary improvement compared to the IRAS survey that was conducted in 1983 in both spatial resolution and sensitivity after …
Using newly released data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, we report the discovery of rapid infrared variability in three radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) selected from the 23 sources in the sample of Yuan et al. (2008). J0849+5108 and J0948+0022 clearly show intraday variability, while J1505+0326 has a longer measurable time scale within 180 days. Their variability amplitudes, corrected for measurement errors, are $\sim 0.1-0.2$ mag. The detection of intraday variability restricts the size of the infrared-emitting region to $\sim 10^{-3}$ pc, significantly smalle…
We briefly review the synergy between X-ray and infrared observations for Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) detected in cosmic X-ray surveys, primarily with XMM-Newton, Chandra, and NuSTAR. We focus on two complementary aspects of this X-ray-infrared synergy (1) the identification of the most heavily obscured AGNs and (2) the connection between star formation and AGN activity. We also briefly discuss future prospects for X-ray-infrared studies over the next decade.
Interactions between galaxies are predicted to cause gas inflows that can potentially trigger nuclear activity. Since the inflowing material can obscure the central regions of interacting galaxies, a potential limitation of previous optical studies is that obscured Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) can be missed at various stages along the merger sequence. We present the first large mid-infrared study of AGNs in mergers and galaxy pairs, in order to quantify the incidence of obscured AGNs triggered by interactions. The sample consists of galaxy pairs and post-mergers drawn from the Sloan Digital S…
The NGVS-IR project (Next Generation Virgo Survey - Infrared) is a contiguous near-infrared imaging survey of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. It complements the optical wide-field survey of Virgo (NGVS). The current state of NGVS-IR consists of Ks-band imaging of 4 deg^2 centered on M87, and J and Ks-band imaging of 16 deg^2 covering the region between M49 and M87. In this paper, we present the observations of the central 4 deg^2 centered on Virgo's core region. The data were acquired with WIRCam on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and the total integration time was 41 hours distributed in 34…
We present the survey strategy and the data characteristics of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Wide Survey of AKARI. The survey was carried out for about one year starting from May 2006 with 9 passbands from 2.5 to 24 micron and the areal coverage of about 5.8 sq. degrees centered on NEP. The survey depth reaches to 21.8 AB magnitude near infrared (NIR) bands, and ~ 18.6 AB maggnitude at the mid infrared (MIR) bands such as 15 and 18 micron. The total number of sources detected in this survey is about 104,000, with more sources in NIR than in the MIR. We have cross matched infrared sources with …
Roughly half of the radiation from evolving galaxies in the early universe reaches us in the far-infrared and submillimeter wavelength range. Recent major advances in observing capabilities, in particular the launch of the Herschel Space Observatory in 2009, have dramatically enhanced our ability to use this information in the context of multiwavelength studies of galaxy evolution. Near its peak, three quarters of the cosmic infrared background is now resolved into individually detected sources. The use of far-infrared diagnostics of dust-obscured star formation and of interstellar medium cond…
The Spitzer-Cosmic Assembly Deep Near-Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey (S-CANDELS; PI G. Fazio) is a Cycle 8 Exploration Program designed to detect galaxies at very high redshifts (z > 5). To mitigate the effects of cosmic variance and also to take advantage of deep coextensive coverage in multiple bands by the Hubble Space Telescope Multi-Cycle Treasury Program CANDELS, S-CANDELS was carried out within five widely separated extragalactic fields: the UKIDSS Ultra-Deep Survey, the Extended Chandra Deep Field South, COSMOS, the HST Deep Field North, and the Extended Groth Strip. S-CANDELS bu…
The survey description and the near-, mid-, and far-infrared flux properties are presented for the 258 galaxies in the Local Volume Legacy (LVL). LVL is a Spitzer Space Telescope legacy program that surveys the local universe out to 11 Mpc, built upon a foundation of ultraviolet, H-alpha, and HST imaging from 11HUGS (11 Mpc H-alpha and Ultraviolet Galaxy Survey) and ANGST (ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury). LVL covers an unbiased, representative, and statistically robust sample of nearby star-forming galaxies, exploiting the highest extragalactic spatial resolution achievable with Spitzer. As…
Empirical "backward" galaxy evolution models for infrared bright galaxies are constrained using multi-band infrared surveys. We developed a new Monte-Carlo algorithm for this task, implementing luminosity dependent distribution functions for the galaxies' infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and for the AGN contribution, allowing for evolution of these quantities. The adopted SEDs take into account the contributions of both starbursts and AGN to the infrared emission, for the first time in a coherent treatment rather than invoking separate AGN and star-forming populations. In the firs…
Past studies of compact active galactic nuclei (AGNs), the dominant population at high radio frequencies, selected them using flat spectral index criteria. This biases the sample due to the steepening of AGN spectra at high radio frequencies. We improve upon this by selecting 3610 compact AGNs using their angular size information ($\sim$0.15 arcsec scale) from the Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) high-angular-resolution catalogue. We cross-match these against the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer All-WISE catalogue and present a catalogue with 3300 (91%) matches, 91 (3%) rejects and 219 (6…
We present a highly reliable and efficient mid-infrared colour-based selection technique for luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) survey. Our technique is designed to identify objects with red mid-infrared power-law spectral energy distributions. We studied the dependency of our mid-infrared selection on the AGN intrinsic luminosity and the effectiveness of our technique to uncover obscured AGN missed in X-ray surveys. To do so we used two samples of luminous AGN independently selected in hard X-ray and optical surveys. We used the largest …
The ESO Public Survey Southern H-ATLAS Regions Ks-band Survey (SHARKS) comprises 300 square degrees of deep imaging at 2.2 microns (the Ks band) with the VISTA InfraRed CAMera (VIRCAM) at the 4-metre Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA). The first data release of the survey, comprising 5% of the data, was published via the ESO database on 31 January 2022. We describe the strategy and status of the first data release and present the data products. We discuss briefly different scientific areas being explored with the SHARKS data and conclude with an outline of planned data…
Quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) whose spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are reddened by dust either in their host galaxies or in intervening absorber galaxies are to a large degree missed by optical color selection criteria like the one used by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). To overcome this bias against red QSOs, we employ a combined optical and near-infrared color selection. In this paper, we present a spectroscopic follow-up campaign of a sample of red candidate QSOs which were selected from the SDSS and the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS). The spectroscopic data and SDSS/UKID…
