The 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue II: Galactic longitudes 6 to 20
J. A. Green, J. L. Caswell, G. A. Fuller, A. Avison, S. L. Breen, S. P. Ellingsen, M. D. Gray, M. R. Pestalozzi, L. Quinn, M. A. Thompson, M. A. Voronkov
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25 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
We present the second portion of an unbiased survey of the Galactic plane for 6668-MHz methanol masers. This section of the survey spans the longitude range 6 degrees to 20 degrees. We report the detection of 119 maser sources, of which 42 are new discoveries. The masers are tightly constrained to the Galactic plane, with only four outside a latitude range of +/- 1 degree. This longitude region includes the brightest known 6668-MHz methanol maser, 9.621+0.196, as well as the two brightest newly discovered sources in the southern survey as a whole. We list all the sources associated with the 3-kpc arms within +/- 15 degrees longitude and consider further candidates beyond 15 degrees longitude. We identify three new sources associated with the Galactic bar and comment on the density of masers in relation to the bar orientation.
We present the fourth portion of a Galactic Plane survey of methanol masers at 6668 MHz, spanning the longitude range 186 degrees to 330 degrees. We report 207 maser detections, 89 new to the survey. This completes the southern sky part of the Methanol Multibeam survey and includes a large proportion of new sources, 43%. We also include results from blind observations of the Orion-Monoceros star forming region, formally outside the latitude range of the Methanol Multibeam survey; only the four previously known methanol emitting sites were detected, of which we present new positions and spectra…
We present the results of the first complete unbaised survey of the Galactic Plane for 6035-MHz excited-state hydroxyl masers undertaken as part of the Methanol Multibeam Survey. These observations cover the Galactic longitude ranges $186^{\circ}< l < 60^{\circ}$ including the Galactic Centre. We report the detection of 127 excited-state hydroxyl masers within the survey region, 47 being new sources. The positions of new detections were determined from interferometric observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. We discuss the association of 6035-MHz masers in our survey with the 6…
We have compared the occurrence of 6.7-GHz and 12.2-GHz methanol masers with 22-GHz water masers and 6035-MHz excited-state OH masers in the 100 square degree region of the southern Galactic plane common to the Methanol Multibeam (MMB) and H2O southern Galactic Plane surveys (HOPS). We find the most populous star formation species to be 6.7-GHz methanol, followed by water, then 12.2-GHz and, finally, excited-state OH masers. We present association statistics, flux density (and luminosity where appropriate) and velocity range distributions across the largest, fully surveyed portion of the Galac…
We present the third instalment of a series of catalogues presenting 12.2-GHz methanol maser observations made towards each of the 6.7-GHz methanol masers detected in the Methanol Multibeam (MMB) Survey. The current portion of the catalogue includes the Galactic longitude region 10 to 20 degrees, where we detect 47 12.2-GHz methanol masers towards 99 6.7-GHz targets. We compare the occurrence of 12.2-GHz methanol masers with water maser emission, for which all 6.7-GHz methanol masers in the 6 to 20 degrees longitude range have now been searched. We suggest that the water masers follow a more c…
We present the second portion of a catalogue of 12.2-GHz methanol masers detected towards 6.7-GHz methanol masers observed in the unbiased Methanol Multibeam (MMB) Survey. Using the Parkes radio telescope we have targeted all 207 6.7-GHz methanol masers in the longitude range 186 to 330 degrees for 12.2-GHz counterparts. We report the detection of 83 12.2-GHz methanol masers, and one additional source which we suspect is thermal emission, equating to a detection rate of 40 per cent. Of the 83 maser detections, 39 are reported here for the first time. We discuss source properties, including var…
We present a catalogue of 12.2-GHz methanol masers detected towards 6.7-GHz methanol masers observed in the unbiased Methanol Multibeam (MMB) survey in the longitude range 330\circ (through 360\circ) to 10\circ. This is the first portion of the catalogue which, when complete, will encompass all of the MMB detections. We report the detection of 184 12.2-GHz sources towards 400 6.7-GHz methanol maser targets, equating to a detection rate of 46 per cent. Of the 184 12.2-GHz detections, 117 are reported here for the first time. We draw attention to a number of 'special' sources, particularly those…
A purpose built 7-beam methanol receiver, installed on the Parkes Radio Telescope, was used to survey the Galactic plane for newly forming high mass stars, pinpointed by strong methanol maser emission at 6.7 GHz. The Methanol Multibeam (MMB) survey observed over 60% of the Galactic plane, detecting close to 1000 sources. The MMB survey provides a huge resource for studies of high-mass star formation, an important stage in the evolution of the interstellar medium. The MMB survey is also a valuable resource for investigations into the structure and dynamics of our Galaxy: with narrow velocity ra…
This is the second paper in a series of catalogues of 22-GHz water maser observations towards the 6.7-GHz methanol masers from the Methanol Multibeam (MMB) Survey. In this paper we present our water maser observations made with the Australia Telescope Compact Array towards the masers from the MMB survey between l = 341$^{\circ}$ through the Galactic centre to l = 6$^{\circ}$. Of the 204 6.7-GHz methanol masers in this longitude range we found 101 to have associated water maser emission (~ 50 per cent). We found no difference in the 6.7-GHz methanol maser luminosities of those with and without …
We have conducted a Galactic plane survey of methanol masers at 6668 MHz using a 7-beam receiver on the Parkes telescope. Here we present results from the first part, which provides sensitive unbiased coverage of a large region around the Galactic Centre. Details are given for 183 methanol maser sites in the longitude range 345$^{\circ}$ through the Galactic Centre to 6$^{\circ}$. Within 6$^{\circ}$ of the Centre, we found 88 maser sites, of which more than half (48) are new discoveries. The masers are confined to a narrow Galactic latitude range, indicative of many sources at the Galactic Cen…
The Australia Telescope Compact Array has been used to search for 22-GHz water masers towards the 119 6.7-GHz methanol masers detected in the Methanol Multi-Beam survey between Galactic longitudes 6 and 20 degrees; we find water masers associated with 55 (~46 per cent). Methanol masers with associated water masers have a higher mean integrated luminosity than those without and there is a general trend for sources with more luminous 6.7-GHz methanol masers to be associated with more luminous water maser emission. We have inspected the GLIMPSE three colour images of the regions surrounding the m…
The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) spans the inner ~450 pc (3 degrees) of our Galaxy. This region is defined by its enhanced molecular emission and contains 5% of the entire Galaxy's molecular gas mass. However, the number of detected star forming sites towards the CMZ may be low for the amount of molecular gas that is present, and improved surveys of star formation indicators can help clarify this. With the Karl G Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), we conducted a blind survey of 6.7 GHz methanol masers spanning the inner 3deg x 40arcmin (450 pc x 100 pc) of the Galaxy. We detected 43 methanol maser…
We explore the longitude-velocity distribution of 6.7-GHz methanol masers in the context of the inner structure of our Galaxy. We analyse the correlation in velocities within this distribution and identify density enhancements indicating large-scale regions of enhanced star formation. These are interpreted as the starting points of the spiral arms and the interaction of the Galactic bar with the 3-kpc arms. The methanol masers support the presence of a long thin bar with a 45 degree orientation. Signatures of the full 3-kpc arm structure are seen, including a prominent tangent at approximately…
We report on the presence of 6.7-GHz methanol masers, known tracers of high-mass star formation, in the 3-kpc arms of the inner Galaxy. We present 49 detections from the Methanol Multibeam Survey, the largest Galactic plane survey for 6.7-GHz methanol masers, which coincide in longitude, latitude and velocity with the recently discovered far-side 3-kpc arm and the well known near-side 3-kpc arm. The presence of these masers is significant evidence for high-mass star formation actively occurring in both 3-kpc arms.
We present definitive detection statistics for 12.2 GHz methanol masers towards a complete sample of 6.7 GHz methanol masers detected in the Methanol Multibeam survey south of declination -20 degrees. In total, we detect 250 12.2 GHz methanol masers towards 580 6.7 GHz methanol masers. This equates to a detection rate of 43.1%, which is lower than that of previous significant searches of comparable sensitivity. Both the velocity ranges and the flux densities of the target 6.7 GHz sources surpass that of their 12.2 GHz companion in almost all cases. 80 % of the detected 12.2 GHz methanol maser …
We have constructed the largest sample of dust-associated class II 6.7 GHz methanol masers yet obtained. New measurements from the the Methanol MultiBeam (MMB) Survey were combined with the 870 $μ$m APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) and the 850 $μ$m JCMT Plane Survey (JPS). Together with two previous studies we have now identified the host clumps for 958 methanol masers across the Galactic Plane, covering approximately 99% of the MMB catalogue and increasing the known sample of dust-associated masers by over 30%. We investigate correlations between the physical properti…
We report the results of 870-$μ$m continuum observations, using the Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA), towards 77 class-II, 6.7-GHz methanol masers identified by the Methanol Multibeam (MMB) survey to map the thermal emission from cool dust towards these objects. These data complement a study of 630 methanol masers associated with compact dense clumps identified from the ATLASGAL survey. Compact dust emission is detected towards 70 sources, which implies a dust-association rate of 99% for the full MMB catalogue. Evaluation of the derived dust and maser properties leads us to conclude that t…
Using the 870-$μ$m APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL), we have identified 577 submillimetre continuum sources with masers from the methanol multibeam (MMB) survey in the region $280\degr < \ell < 20\degr$; $|\,b\,| < 1.5\degr$. 94\,per\,cent of methanol masers in the region are associated with sub-millimetre dust emission. We estimate masses for ~450 maser-associated sources and find that methanol masers are preferentially associated with massive clumps. These clumps are centrally condensed, with envelope structures that appear to be scale-free, the mean maser position b…
Class II methanol (CH$_{3}$OH) masers are amongst the clearest signposts of recent high-mass star formation (HMSF). A complete catalogue outlines the distribution of star formation in the Galaxy, the number of young star-forming cores, and the physical conditions of their environment. The Global View on Star Formation (GLOSTAR) survey, which is a blind survey in the radio regime of 4$-$8 GHz, maps the Galactic mid-plane in the radio continuum, 6.7 GHz methanol line, the 4.8 GHz formaldehyde line, and several radio recombination lines. We present the analysis of the observations of the 6.7 GHz …
An Australia Telescope Compact Array search for 22 GHz water masers towards 6.7 GHz class II methanol masers detected in the Methanol Multibeam (MMB) survey has resulted in the detection of extremely high velocity emission from one of the sources. The water maser emission associated with this young stellar object covers a velocity span of nearly 300 km/s. The highest velocity water maser emission is red-shifted from the systemic velocity by 250 km/s, which is a new record for high-mass star formation regions. The maser is associated with a very young late O, or early B star, which may still be…
We present deep, wide-field, Ks-band (2.14 micron) images towards 87 southern massive star formation regions traced by methanol maser emission. Using point-spread function fitting, we generate 2.14 micron point source catalogues towards each of the regions. For the regions between 10 degrees and 350 degrees galactic longitude and galactic latitude +/- 1 degree, we match the 2.14 micron sources with the GLIMPSE point source catalogue to generate a combined 2.14 to 8.0 micron point source catalogue. We provide this data for the astronomical community to utilise in studies of the stellar content …
We have selected the positions of 54 6.7GHz methanol masers from the Methanol Multibeam Survey catalogue, covering a range of longitudes between $20^{\circ}$ and $34^{\circ}$ of the Galactic Plane. These positions were mapped in the J=3-2 transition of both the $\rm{^{13}CO}$ and $\rm{C^{18}O}$ lines. A total of 58 $\rm{^{13}CO}$ emission peaks are found in the vicinity of these maser positions. We search for outflows around all $\rm{^{13}CO}$ peaks, and find evidence for high-velocity gas in all cases, spatially resolving the red and blue outflow lobes in 55 cases. Of these sources, 44 have r…
Maser lines from different molecular species, including water, hydroxyl, and methanol, are common observational phenomena associated with massive star forming regions. In particular, the methanol maser appears as an ideal tool to study the early phases of massive star formation. However, it is difficult to establish the exact start of the methanol maser phase, and it would then be interesting to detect and study low-flux density methanol masers (i.e., < 0.1 Jy or even << 0.1 Jy), in order to determine if they can effectively be used to mark a specific evolutionary phase in high-mass star forma…
The Methanol MultiBeam survey (MMB) provides the most complete sample of Galactic massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) hosting 6.7GHz class II methanol masers. We characterise the properties of these maser sources using dust emission detected by the Herschel Infrared Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL) to assess their evolutionary state. Associating 731 (73%) of MMB sources with compact emission at four Hi-GAL wavelengths, we derive clump properties and define the requirements of a MYSO to host a 6.7GHz maser. The median far-infrared (FIR) mass and luminosity are 630M$_{\odot}$ and 2500L$_{\odot}$…
From targeted observations of ground-state OH masers towards 702 Multibeam (MMB) survey 6.7-GHz methanol masers, between Galactic longitudes 186$^{\circ}$ through the Galactic centre to 20$^{\circ}$, made as part of the `MAGMO' project, we present the physical and polarisation properties of the 1720-MHz OH maser transition, including the identification of Zeeman pairs. We present 10 new and 23 previously catalogued 1720-MHz OH maser sources detected towards star formation regions. In addition, we also detected 16 1720-MHz OH masers associated with supernova remnants and two sites of diffuse OH…
Full polarization measurements of 1665 and 1667-MHz OH masers at sites of massive star formation have been made with the Parkes 64-m radio telescope. Here we present the resulting spectra for 104 northerly sources. For more than 20 masers we made new measurements with the ATCA (which also revealed several hitherto unreported masers), in most cases yielding arcsecond precision to match the majority of sites. Position improvements assist in distinguishing OH masers with accompanying methanol masers from those without (thought to be at a later stage of evolution). There was no existing linear pol…
We have conducted a sensitive water maser search with the ATCA towards 267 1.2-mm dust clumps presented in the literature. We combine our new observations with previous water maser observations to extend our sample to 294 1.2-mm dust clumps, towards which we detect 165 distinct water maser sites towards 128 1.2-mm dust clumps. Within the fields of our observations, we additionally find four water masers with no apparent associated 1.2-mm dust continuum emission. Our overall detection rate of 44 per cent appears to vary as a function of Galactic longitude. We find that there is an excellent cor…
We have used catalogues from several Galactic plane surveys and dedicated observations to investigate the relationship between various maser species and Galactic star forming clumps, as identified by the ATLASGAL survey. The maser transitions of interest are the 6.7 & 12.2 GHz methanol masers, 22.2 GHz water masers, and the masers emitting in the four ground-state hyperfine structure transitions of hydroxyl. We find clump association rates for the water, hydroxyl and methanol masers to be 56, 39 and 82 per cent respectively, within the Galactic longitude range of 60° > $l$ > -60°. We investiga…
We present trigonometric parallax and proper motion measurements toward 22 GHz water and 6.7 GHz methanol masers in 16 high-mass star-forming regions. These sources are all located in the Scutum spiral arm of the Milky Way. The observations were conducted as part of the Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSeL) survey. A combination of 14 sources from a forthcoming study and 14 sources from the literature, we now have a sample of 44 sources in the Scutum spiral arm, covering a Galactic longitude range from 0$^\circ$ to 33$^\circ$. A group of 16 sources shows large peculiar motions of which 13 a…
We report trigonometric parallax measurements of masers in the massive star forming complex W43 from VLBA observations as part of the BeSSeL Survey. Based on measurements of three 12 GHz methanol maser sources (G029.86-00.04, G029.95-00.01 and G031.28+00.06) and one 22 GHz water maser source (G031.58+00.07) toward W43, we derived a distance of $5.49^{+0.39}_{-0.34}$ kpc to W43. By associating the masers with CO molecular clouds, and associating the clouds kinematically with CO longitude-velocity spiral features, we assign W43 to the Scutum spiral arm, close to the near end of the Galactic bar.…
Surveys of the Milky Way at various wavelengths have changed our view of star formation in our Galaxy considerably in recent years. In this paper we give an overview of the GLOSTAR survey, a new survey covering large parts (145 square degrees) of the northern Galactic plane using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) in the frequency range 4-8 GHz and the Effelsberg 100-m telescope. This provides for the first time a radio survey covering all angular scales down to 1.5 arcsecond, similar to complementary near-IR and mid-IR galactic plane surveys. We outline the main goals of the survey an…
We present a study of star formation in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of our Galaxy through the association of three star formation indicators: 6.7 GHz CH3OH masers, 22 GHz H2O masers, and enhanced 4.5 micron emission (`green') sources. We explore how star formation in the Galactic center (l < 1.3 deg, |b| < 10', where l and b are Galactic longitude and Galactic latitude) compares with that of the Galactic disk (6 deg < l < 345 deg, |b| < 2 deg). Using an automated algorithm, we search for enhanced 4.5 micron emission sources toward 6.7 GHz CH3OH masers detected in the Parkes Methanol Multi…
Class I CH3OH Maser Emission from Bar-Driven Inflow Colliding with the Central Molecular Zone
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research（塔塔基础研究所）；Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy (MPIfR)（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）；Universität zu Köln（科隆大学）；Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC)（空间科学研究所（加泰罗尼亚高等科学研究委员会））；Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)（加泰罗尼亚太空研究学院）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿大学莱顿天文台）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN, IGN)（国家天文台（西班牙地理与国家测绘局））；Universidad Yachay Tech（雅查伊科技大学）；Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg（汉堡大学汉堡天文台）
