从巨脉泽测量精确的黑洞质量：低质量下的黑洞-膨胀关系
Precise Black Hole Masses From Megamaser Disks: Black Hole-Bulge Relations at Low Mass
摘要：
黑洞与核球的相关性极大地影响了过去十年来对星系演化的研究。目前对这些相关性的了解主要局限于高BH质量（M_BH> 10^8 M_sun），这可以通过直接的恒星、气体和脉泽运动学来测量。然而，这些物体并不代表更典型的L< L* 星系的人口统计。本研究超越了以往的局限性，探测BH是一个数量级的质量低，使用BH质量测量来自动力学的H_2O超脉泽在环核盘。脉泽跟踪开普勒旋转的环核分子盘开始在半径的零点几个pc从中央BH。Kuo et al.（2010）提出的旋转曲线模型，以极高的精度产生BH质量。我们提出了恒星速度色散测量的样本的9兆脉泽盘星系的基础上长缝观测使用的B&C光谱仪的杜邦望远镜和DIS光谱仪的3.5米望远镜在阿帕奇点。我们还执行膨胀到磁盘分解的一个子集的五个这些星系的SDSS成像。脉泽星系作为一个星系群低于椭圆星系定义的M_BH-σ关系。我们表明，现在非常精确的BH质量测量，低散射的幂律关系M_BH和sigma* 在椭圆星系中看到的是不普遍的。椭圆星系M_BH-sigma ~* 关系式不能用于推导低质量的BH质量函数或活动BH质量的零点。在高质量下运行的过程（可能是BH自调节或小合并）在低质量区域没有有效地建立M_BH-σ * 关系。
英文摘要：
The black hole (BH)-bulge correlations have greatly influenced the last decade of effort to understand galaxy evolution. Current knowledge of these correlations is limited predominantly to high BH masses (M_BH> 10^8 M_sun) that can be measured using direct stellar, gas, and maser kinematics. These objects, however, do not represent the demographics of more typical L< L* galaxies. This study transcends prior limitations to probe BHs that are an order of magnitude lower in mass, using BH mass measurements derived from the dynamics of H_2O megamasers in circumnuclear disks. The masers trace the Keplerian rotation of circumnuclear molecular disks starting at radii of a few tenths of a pc from the central BH. Modeling of the rotation curves, presented by Kuo et al. (2010), yields BH masses with exquisite precision. We present stellar velocity dispersion measurements for a sample of nine megamaser disk galaxies based on long-slit observations using the B&C spectrograph on the Dupont telescope and the DIS spectrograph on the 3.5m telescope at Apache Point. We also perform bulge-to-disk decomposition of a subset of five of these galaxies with SDSS imaging. The maser galaxies as a group fall below the M_BH-sigma* relation defined by elliptical galaxies. We show, now with very precise BH mass measurements, that the low-scatter power-law relation between M_BH and sigma* seen in elliptical galaxies is not universal. The elliptical galaxy M_BH-sigma* relation cannot be used to derive the BH mass function at low mass or the zeropoint for active BH masses. The processes (perhaps BH self-regulation or minor merging) that operate at higher mass have not effectively established an M_BH-sigma* relation in this low-mass regime.
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