放射性天文学导论
Introduction to Astronomy with Radioactivity
摘要：
19世纪末，安托万·亨利·贝克勒尔发现了放射性，从而发现了弱相互作用的物理学，这比原子物理学和量子物理学早得多。不同类型的放射性衰变，α、β和γ衰变，都是不同类型的相互作用，导致不稳定的核衰变成另一个更稳定的核。宇宙中的核反应将原子核的基本成分（中子和质子）重新排列成自然界允许的不同构型，从而产生放射性同位素作为副产品。在整个宇宙历史中，这样的反应发生在不同的地点，并导致宇宙核的相对丰度重新排列，这一过程称为宇宙化学演化，可以通过放射性的观测来研究。放射性在这类研究中的特殊作用是由于这类物质在宇宙场所产生后的固有衰变。这带来了一个新的方面，放射性衰变的时钟。对宇宙放射性的观测研究本质上获得了同位素信息，而这些信息是宇宙核合成的核心。最好的方法是在地面实验室进行精确的质谱分析，这种分析与先进的放射化学相结合，以提取来自太阳系以外的陨石成分，以及对宇宙环境中放射性衰变时发射的特征伽马射线谱线进行光谱分析，并用天基望远镜进行测量。这本书描述了在哪里以及如何从宇宙放射性的具体天文信息有助于补充宇宙核合成网站和宇宙化学演化的研究。
英文摘要：
In the late nineteenth century, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity and thus the physics of weak interactions, well before atomic and quantum physics was known. The different types of radioactive decay, alpha, beta, and gamma decay, all are different types of interactions causing the same, spontaneous, and time-independent decay of an unstable nucleus into another and more stable nucleus. Nuclear reactions in cosmic sites re-arrange the basic constituents of atomic nuclei (neutrons and protons) among the different configurations which are allowed by Nature, thus producing radioactive isotopes as a by-product. Throughout cosmic history, such reactions occur in different sites, and lead to rearrangements of the relative abundances of cosmic nuclei, a process called cosmic chemical evolution, which can be studied through the observations of radioactivity. The special role of radioactivity in such studies is contributed by the intrinsic decay of such material after it has been produced in cosmic sites. This brings in a new aspect, the clock of the radioactive decay. Observational studies of cosmic radioactivities intrinsically obtain isotopic information which are at the heart of cosmic nucleosynthesis. They are best performed by precision mass spectroscopy in terrestrial laboratories, which has been combined with sophisticated radiochemistry to extract meteoritic components originating from outside the solar system, and by spectroscopy of characteristic gamma-ray lines emitted upon radioactive decay in cosmic environments and measured with space-based telescopes. This book describes where and how specific astronomical messages from cosmic radioactivity help to complement the studies of cosmic nucleosynthesis sites anad of cosmic chemical evolution.
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