单原子理想气体的爱因斯坦量子理论：一种新统计的非统计论证
Einstein's quantum theory of the monatomic ideal gas: non-statistical arguments for a new statistics
摘要：
在这篇文章中，我们分析了三篇论文中的第三篇，在这篇论文中，爱因斯坦提出了他1924-1925年的理想气体的量子理论。虽然它没有引起注意爱因斯坦的同时代人，虽然今天也很少有评论家提到它，我们认为它的意义的背景下，爱因斯坦的量子研究。它包含了一个尝试，以扩大和排气的表征单原子理想气体没有呼吁组合。它的含糊之处说明了爱因斯坦的困惑与他最初的成功，在扩大玻色的结果，并在实现的后果，后来成为所谓的玻色爱因斯坦统计。我们讨论爱因斯坦的动机写一个非组合的文件，部分是为了回应批评他的朋友埃菲斯特，我们解释其内容。它的论点是基于爱因斯坦的信念，在热力学的光量子和物质粒子之间的完全相似，并调用考虑绝热变换以及量纲分析。这些技术是众所周知的爱因斯坦从早期的工作维恩的位移定律，普朗克的辐射理论，和比热的固体。我们还探讨了Escherfest在理论孕育中可能发挥的作用。
英文摘要：
In this article, we analyze the third of three papers, in which Einstein presented his quantum theory of the ideal gas of 1924-1925. Although it failed to attract the attention of Einstein's contemporaries and although also today very few commentators refer to it, we argue for its significance in the context of Einstein's quantum researches. It contains an attempt to extend and exhaust the characterization of the monatomic ideal gas without appealing to combinatorics. Its ambiguities illustrate Einstein's confusion with his initial success in extending Bose's results and in realizing the consequences of what later became to be called Bose-Einstein statistics. We discuss Einstein's motivation for writing a non-combinatorial paper, partly in response to criticism by his friend Ehrenfest, and we paraphrase its content. Its arguments are based on Einstein's belief in the complete analogy between the thermodynamics of light quanta and of material particles and invoke considerations of adiabatic transformations as well as of dimensional analysis. These techniques were well-known to Einstein from earlier work on Wien's displacement law, Planck's radiation theory, and the specific heat of solids. We also investigate the possible role of Ehrenfest in the gestation of the theory.
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