原子核中的磁偶极激发：核子运动的基本模式
Magnetic dipole excitations in nuclei: elementary modes of nucleonic motion
摘要：
原子核是宇宙中最多面的多体系统之一。随着各种加速器和探测系统的技术进步，原子核总是以新的方式表现出“有组织的”结构和复杂的层次，这一点一次又一次地让我们感到惊讶。核磁是我们在本综述中讨论的原子核的迷人的一面。我们将不仅限于介绍在过去二十年中使用各种探测器（电磁和强子探测器）获得的非常大的数据集，这些数据集为3 MeV左右的低位轨道剪刀模式提供了充分的证据，尽管在1.5 MeV的能量间隔上是碎片化的，在5 - 9 MeV能区，形变核具有较高的自旋翻转强度，也不符合目前发现的球形核中低位质子-中子等矢量四极激发的证据。相反，我们把实验证据放在理解原子核及其各种结构的良好组织的运动模式的角度，从而将我们的讨论扩大到更一般的费米子和玻色子多体系统。
英文摘要：
The nucleus is one of the most multi-faceted many-body systems in the universe. It exhibits a multitude of responses depending on the way one 'probes' it. With increasing technical advancements of beams at the various accelerators and of detection systems the nucleus has, over and over again, surprised us by expressing always new ways of 'organized' structures and layers of complexity. Nuclear magnetism is one of those fascinating faces of the atomic nucleus we discuss in the present review. We shall not just limit ourselves to presenting the by now very large data set that has been obtained in the last two decades using various probes, electromagnetic and hadronic alike and that presents ample evidence for a low-lying orbital scissors mode around 3 MeV, albeit fragmented over an energy interval of the order of 1.5 MeV, and higher-lying spin-flip strength in the energy region 5 - 9 MeV in deformed nuclei, nor to the presently discovered evidence for low-lying proton-neutron isovector quadrupole excitations in spherical nuclei. To the contrary, we put the experimental evidence in the perspectives of understanding the atomic nucleus and its various structures of well-organized modes of motion and thus enlarge our discussion to more general fermion and bosonic many-body systems.
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