开放统计系综：新的性质（尺度不变性，对小系统的应用，表面粒子的意义等）
Open statistical ensemble: new properties (scale invariance, application to small systems, meaning of surface particles, etc.)
摘要：
以经典单组分简单流体为例，研究了一种新的统计系综。这是合乎逻辑的称之为一个开放的合奏，因为它的特点是在考虑一些周边地区的包容性。计算指出，考虑限制表面的必要性，正是当系统没有被任何东西从浴分离，并且整个介质是均匀的。配分函数中的“表面张力系数“对应于流体和硬固体的界面，这是由于严格遵守概率和势的限制。表面粒子的数量正好对应于近表面数密度畸变（振荡）中出现的波动腔附近。与巨正则系综相比，开放统计系综满足标度不变性要求：包含的子系统分布的通项对应于原始系统的通项。当需要考虑一个真正的开放系统时，应该使用这个系综，因为它适当地整合了表面项。此外，该系综可用于小系统的研究，因为它对系统的体积没有下限。最后，它在研究波动方面很有用。例如，它证明了粒子数的方差（均方差）分为体积项和表面项。
英文摘要：
A new statistical ensemble is examined using the example of classical one-component simple fluid. It's logical to call it an open ensemble, because its peculiarity is the inclusion in the consideration some surrounding area. Calculations point to the necessity of taking into account the restricting surface, exactly when the system is not separated by anything from the bath, and the whole medium is uniform. The "surface tension coefficient", included in the partition function corresponds to the interface of the fluid and hard solid, due to the strict compliance of probability and potential limitations. The number of surface particles corresponds exactly to near surface number density distortions (oscillations) arising in the neighborhood of fluctuation cavities. In contrast to grand canonical ensemble, an open statistical ensemble satisfies the scale invariance requirement: general term of the included subsystem distribution corresponds to that of the original system. It is this ensemble which should be used where consideration of a truly open system is required, since it properly integrates the surface terms. Furthermore, this ensemble may be employed in studies of small systems, since it has no lower limits for the volume of the system. Finally, it is useful in the investigation of fluctuations. For example, it demonstrates that the variance (the mean square deviation) of the number of particles is divided into the bulk and surface terms.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
