当地球上的生命进化时，太阳是如何影响气候的？
How did the Sun affect the climate when life evolved on the Earth?
摘要：
使用鲸鱼座κ作为年轻太阳的替代物，我们表明，年轻的太阳不仅在保护地球环境免受银河系宇宙射线的影响方面比现在的太阳更有效;它的耀斑和日冕物质抛射率也比现在的太阳大三个数量级。年轻太阳增强的屏蔽能力导致银河系宇宙射线流入减少，这被认为是所谓的年轻太阳暗淡悖论的解决方案，即年轻太阳的亮度只有大约40亿年前生命开始在我们的星球上进化时的75%。这一建议所依据的假设是，不断变化的太阳活动导致不断变化的银河系宇宙射线流入地球，从而导致低空云层覆盖范围不断变化，从而导致气候变化。在这里，我们展示了年轻太阳的更大日冕物质抛射率如何对气候产生影响，其幅度类似于年轻太阳增强的屏蔽能力。
英文摘要：
Using kappa Ceti as a proxy for the young Sun we show that not only was the young Sun much more effective in protecting the Earth environment from galactic cosmic rays than the present day Sun; it also had flare and corona mass ejection rates up to three orders of magnitude larger than the present day Sun. The reduction in the galactic cosmic ray influx caused by the young Sun's enhanced shielding capability has been suggested as a solution to what is known as the faint young Sun paradox, i.e. the fact that the luminosity of the young Sun was only around 75% of its present value when life started to evolve on our planet around four billion years ago. This suggestion relies on the hypothesis that the changing solar activity results in a changing influx of galactic cosmic rays to the Earth, which results in a changing low-altitude cloud coverage and thus a changing climate. Here we show how the larger corona mass ejection rates of the young Sun would have had an effect on the climate with a magnitude similar to the enhanced shielding capability of the young Sun.
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