映射到曲面的Borsuk-Ulam定理
The Borsuk-Ulam theorem for maps into a surface
摘要:
设(X,t,S)是一个三元组,其中S是一个无边界的紧致连通曲面,t是CW-复形X上的一个自由胞腔对合。称三元组(X,t,S)满足Borsuk-Ulam性质,如果对每个连续映射f:X-->S,存在属于X的点x,满足f(t(x))=f(x)。本文利用S的2-弦辫群B_2(S)中的一个关系来表述这一性质。如果X是一个紧凑的,没有边界的连通曲面,我们使用这个标准来分类所有的三元组(X,t,S)的Borsuk-Ulam属性。我们还考虑了X不一定是无边界曲面,但具有π_1(X/t)同构于这种曲面的基本群的性质的各种情况。如果S不同于2-球面S^2和实射影平面RP ^2,则证明了Borsuk-Ulam性质对(X,t,S)不成立,除非π_1(X/t)同构于π_1(RP ^2),或者π_1(X/t)同构于亏格为2或3的紧致连通非可定向曲面的基本群且S是可定向的。在后一种情况下,Borsuk-Ulam性质的准确性进一步依赖于对合t的选择,我们给出了它成立的一个充要条件,即由二重覆盖X-->X/t诱导的满同态π_1(X/t)-->Z_2。对S= S^2,RP^2的情形分别处理。
英文摘要:
Let (X, t, S) be a triple, where S is a compact, connected surface without boundary, and t is a free cellular involution on a CW-complex X. The triple (X, t, S) is said to satisfy the Borsuk-Ulam property if for every continuous map f:X-->S, there exists a point x belonging to X satisfying f(t(x))=f(x). In this paper, we formulate this property in terms of a relation in the 2-string braid group B_2(S) of S. If X is a compact, connected surface without boundary, we use this criterion to classify all triples (X, t, S) for which the Borsuk-Ulam property holds. We also consider various cases where X is not necessarily a surface without boundary, but has the property that π_1(X/t) is isomorphic to the fundamental group of such a surface. If S is different from the 2-sphere S^2 and the real projective plane RP^2, then we show that the Borsuk-Ulam property does not hold for (X, t, S) unless either π_1(X/t) is isomorphic to π_1(RP^2), or π_1(X/t) is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a compact, connected non-orientable surface of genus 2 or 3 and S is orientable. In the latter case, the veracity of the Borsuk-Ulam property depends further on the choice of involution t; we give a necessary and sufficient condition for it to hold in terms of the surjective homomorphism π_1(X/t)-->Z_2 induced by the double covering X-->X/t. The cases S=S^2,RP^2 are treated separately.
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