美国法典研究的数学方法
A Mathematical Approach to the Study of the United States Code
摘要：
《美国法典》是一份包含2200多万字的文件，是联邦成文法的重要来源。学者和政策倡导者经常讨论《守则》各方面变化的方向和幅度。然而，很少有数学形式化这些讨论背后的概念或直接测量所得的表示。本文从两个方面论述了文献的现状。首先，我们将美国法典的表示形式化为包含法典语言的顶点上的分层网络和引文网络的联合。这种表述方式反映了这样一个事实，即《守则》是一份按等级组织的文件，在各条款之间包含语言和明确的引用。其次，我们使用这种形式化来衡量2008年10月、2009年11月和2010年3月编纂的《守则》的各个方面。通过这些测量，可以对《守则》随时间的实际变化进行表征。我们的研究结果表明，在最近的过去，代码在其结构，相互依存和语言的数量增长。
英文摘要：
The United States Code (Code) is a document containing over 22 million words that represents a large and important source of Federal statutory law. Scholars and policy advocates often discuss the direction and magnitude of changes in various aspects of the Code. However, few have mathematically formalized the notions behind these discussions or directly measured the resulting representations. This paper addresses the current state of the literature in two ways. First, we formalize a representation of the United States Code as the union of a hierarchical network and a citation network over vertices containing the language of the Code. This representation reflects the fact that the Code is a hierarchically organized document containing language and explicit citations between provisions. Second, we use this formalization to measure aspects of the Code as codified in October 2008, November 2009, and March 2010. These measurements allow for a characterization of the actual changes in the Code over time. Our findings indicate that in the recent past, the Code has grown in its amount of structure, interdependence, and language.
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