N. B. Prajapati, R. R. Agravat, M. I. Hasan
LA planning in cellular network is useful for minimizing location management cost in GSM network. In fact, size of LA can be optimized to create a balance between the LA update rate and expected paging rate within LA. To get optimal result for LA planning in cellular network simulated annealing algorithm is used. Simulated annealing give optimal results in acceptable run-time.
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In order to meet mobile cellular users' ever-increasing data demands, today's 4G and 5G networks are designed mainly with the goal of maximizing spectral efficiency. While they have made progress in this regard, controlling the carbon footprint and operational costs of such networks remains a long-standing problem among network designers. This paper takes a long view on this problem, envisioning a NextG scenario where the network leverages quantum annealing for cellular baseband processing. We gather and synthesize insights on power consumption, computational throughput and latency, spectral e…
Interference matrix (IM) has been widely used in frequency planning/optimization of cellular systems because it describes the interaction between any two cells. IM is generated from the source data gathered from the cellular system, either mobile measurement reports (MMRs) or drive test (DT) records. IM accuracy is not satisfactory since neither MMRs nor DT records contain complete information on interference and traffic distribution. In this paper, two IM generation algorithms based on source data fusion are proposed. Data fusion in one algorithm is to reinforce MMRs data, using the frequency…
We pose a novel cellular network planning problem, considering the use of renewable energy sources and a fundamentally new concept of energy balancing, and propose a novel algorithm to solve it. In terms of the network capital and operational expenditure, we conclude that savings can be made by enriching cellular infrastructure with energy harvesting sources, in comparison to traditional deployment methods.
Mobile network operators are facing the difficult task of significantly increasing capacity to meet projected demand while keeping CAPEX and OPEX down. We argue that infrastructure sharing is a key consideration in operators' planning of the evolution of their networks, and that such planning can be viewed as a stage in the cognitive cycle. In this paper, we present a framework to model this planning process while taking into account both the ability to share resources and the constraints imposed by competition regulation (the latter quantified using the Herfindahl index). Using real-world dem…
In cellular networks, users are grouped into different cells and served by different access points (base stations) that provide wireless access to services and applications. In general, the service demand is very heterogeneous, non-uniformly distributed, and dynamic. Consequently, radio access networks create very irregular topologies with more access points where service demand is concentrated. While this dynamism requires networks with the ability to adapt to time-varying conditions, the non-uniformity of the service demand makes the planning, analysis, and optimization difficult. In order t…
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology is becoming more prevalent and more diverse in its application. 5G and beyond networks must enable UAV connectivity. This will require the network operator to consider this new type of user in the planning and operation of the network. This work presents the challenges an operator will encounter and should consider in the future as UAVs become users of the network. We analyse the 3GPP specifications, the existing research literature, and a publicly available UAV connectivity dataset, to describe the challenges. We classify these challenges into network …
This paper proposes a cellular network exploiting millimeter-wave (mmWave) and ultra-densified base stations (BSs) to achieve the far-reaching 5G aim in downlink average rate. The mmWave overlaid network however incurs a pitfall that its ample data rate is only applicable for downlink transmissions due to the implementation difficulty at mobile users, leading to an immense difference between uplink and downlink rates. We therefore turn our attention not only to maximize downlink rate but also to ensure the minimum uplink rate. With this end, we firstly derive the mmWave overlaid ultra-dense ce…
Cellular-enabled Collaborative Robots Planning and Operations for Search-and-Rescue Scenarios
针对SAR任务中蜂窝协作机器人能量受限问题，提出框架以区域面积、车队规模、能量、探索率和响应时间为输入，确定最少机器人数量及路径，并展示轮式与四足机器人的数量-面积-时间权衡。
Optimizing the cellular network's cell locations is one of the most fundamental problems of network design. The general objective is to provide the desired Quality-of-Service (QoS) with the minimum system cost. In order to meet a growing appetite for mobile data services, heterogeneous networks have been proposed as a cost- and energy-efficient method of improving local spectral efficiency. Whilst unarticulated cell deployments can lead to localized improvements, there is a significant risk posed to network-wide performance due to the additional interference. The first part of the paper focuse…
We target the planning of a 5G cellular network under 5G service and ElectroMagnetic Fields (EMFs) constraints. We initially model the problem with a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation. The pursued objective is a weighed function of next-generation Node-B (gNB) installation costs and 5G service coverage level from a massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system. In addition, we precisely model restrictive EMF constraints and we integrate scaling parameters to estimate the power radiated by 5G gNBs. Since the considered planning problem is NP-Hard, and therefore very cha…
Relay nodes-enhanced architectures are deemed a viable solution to enhance coverage and capacity of nowadays cellular networks. Besides a number of desirable features, these architectures reduce the average distance between users and network nodes, thus allowing for battery savings for users transmitting on the uplink. In this paper, we investigate the extent of these savings, by optimizing relay nodes deployment in terms of uplink energy consumption per transmitted bit, while taking into account a minimum uplink average user delay that has to be guaranteed. A novel performance evaluation fram…
Simplicial homology is a tool that provides a mathematical way to compute the connectivity and the coverage of a cellular network without any node location information. In this article, we use simplicial homology in order to not only compute the topology of a cellular network, but also to discover the clusters of nodes still with no location information. We propose three algorithms for the management of future cellular networks. The first one is a frequency auto-planning algorithm for the self-configuration of future cellular networks. It aims at minimizing the number of planned frequencies wh…
Enhancing Cellular-enabled Collaborative Robots Planning through GNSS data for SAR Scenarios
本文提出了一种基于GNSS数据优化SAR场景中协作机器人规划的框架，通过考虑环境因素和通信需求，提升救援任务的效率和响应速度。
In small cell networks, high mobility of users results in frequent handoff and thus severely restricts the data rate for mobile users. To alleviate this problem, we propose to use heterogeneous, two-tier network structure where static users are served by both macro and micro base stations, whereas the mobile (i.e., moving) users are served only by macro base stations having larger cells; the idea is to prevent frequent data outage for mobile users due to handoff. We use the classical two-tier Poisson network model with different transmit powers (cf [1]), assume independent Poisson process of s…
Real Call Detail Records (CDR) are analyzed and classified based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. The daily classification results in three traffic classes. We use two different algorithms, K-means and SVM to check the classification efficiency. A second support vector regression (SVR) based algorithm is built to make an online prediction of traffic load using the history of CDRs. Then, these algorithms will be integrated to a network planning tool which will help cellular operators on planning optimally their access network.
There has been a lot of interest recently on the energy efficiency and environmental impact of wireless networks. Given that the base stations are the network elements that use most of this energy, much research has dealt with ways to reduce the energy used by the base stations by turning them off during periods of low load. In addition to this, installing a solar harvesting sys- tem composed of solar panels, batteries, charge con- trollers and inverters is another way to further reduce the network environmental impact and some research has been dealing with this for individual base stations. …
We design and evaluate algorithms for efficient user-mobility driven macro-cell planning in cellular networks. As cellular networks embrace heterogeneous technologies (including long range 3G/4G and short range WiFi, Femto-cells, etc.), most traffic generated by static users gets absorbed by the short-range technologies, thereby increasingly leaving mobile user traffic to macro-cells. To this end, we consider a novel approach that factors in the trajectories of mobile users as well as the impact of city geographies and their associated road networks for macro-cell planning. Given a budget k of…
In this paper, we study the path planning for a cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to minimize its flying distance from given initial to final locations, while ensuring a target link quality in terms of the large-scale channel gain with each of its associated ground base stations (GBSs) during the flight. To this end, we propose the use of radio map that provides the information on the large-scale channel gains between each GBS and uniformly sampled locations on a three-dimensional (3D) grid over the region of interest, which are assumed to be time-invariant due to the generally …
In order to cope with the rapidly increasing service demand in cellular networks, more cells are needed with better resource usage efficiency. This poses challenges for the network planning since service demand in practical networks is not geographically uniform and, to cope with the non-uniform service demand, network deployments are becoming increasingly irregular. This paper introduces a new idea to deal with the non-uniform network topology. Rather than capturing the network character (e.g. load distribution) by means of stochastic methods, the proposed novel approach aims at transforming …
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in cellular networks have garnered considerable interest. One of their applications is as flying base stations (FBSs), which can increase coverage and quality of service (QoS). Because FBSs are battery-powered, regulating their energy usage is a vital aspect of their use; and therefore the appropriate placement and trajectories of FBSs throughout their operation are critical to overcoming this challenge. In this paper, we propose a method of solving a multi-FBS 3D trajectory problem that considers FBS energy consumption, operation time, flight distance limits, a…
In order to cope with the ever increasing traffic load that networks will need to support, a new approach for planning cellular networks deployments should be followed. Traditionally, cell association and resource allocation has been based on the received signal power but this approach seems to be inadequate regarding the brewing of heterogeneous networks. In this work, we first implement a network simulator in order to test new cell associacion and resource allocation techniques. Then, we pose the network utility maximisation problem, reformulating the Downlink and Uplink Decoupling (DUDe) sc…
Poisson Point Process (PPP) has been widely adopted as an efficient model for the spatial distribution of base stations (BSs) in cellular networks. However, real BSs deployment are rarely completely random, due to environmental impact on actual site planning. Particularly, for multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks, operators have to place different BSs according to local coverage and capacity requirement, and the diversity of BSs' functions may result in different spatial patterns on each networking tier. In this paper, we consider a two-tier scenario that consists of macrocell and microc…
Automatic Network Planning with Digital Radio Twin
本文提出AutoPlan框架，利用数字无线电孪生技术实现自动网络规划，通过贝叶斯优化算法高效优化基站部署参数，在低计算成本下实现与穷举搜索相当的性能。
Fundamentals of Next-generation Network Planning
本文研究5G网络规划基础，通过均衡无线网络规模设计、实用NR建模和数据驱动策略协调覆盖与容量权衡，以最小化部署成本并降低每比特成本。
AURA: Adaptive Unified Reasoning and Automation with LLM-Guided MARL for NextG Cellular Networks
AURA结合LLM推理与MARL适应性，通过信任机制平衡局部学习与外部输入，提升NextG网络的实时管理和动态流量处理能力。
With the capability to support gigabit data rates, millimetre-wave (mm-Wave) communication is unanimously considered a key technology of future cellular networks. However, the harsh propagation at such high frequencies makes these networks quite susceptible to failures due to obstacle blockages. Recently introduced Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) can enhance the coverage of mm-Wave communications by improving the received signal power and offering an alternative radio path when the direct link is interrupted. While several works have addressed this possibility from a communication s…
This work focuses over the performability analysis of a multi-server retrial queueing model with phase-type inter-retrial times in cellular networks. It is considered that the pattern of the new call arrival and handoff call arrival follows Markovian arrival process (MAP). The service times of both types of calls are phase-type (PH ) distributed with different service rates, and inter-failure & inter-repair times of channels are exponentially distributed. For the prioritization of handoff calls, G channels are kept in reserve for handoff calls. When all the available channels, say S, are busy …
An Urban Multi-Operator QoE-Aware Dataset for Cellular Networks in Dense Environments
本研究提供了一个在2平方公里密集城市区收集的包含30,925条记录的多运营商蜂窝网络数据集，涵盖多种移动模式、流量场景及信号质量参数，适用于QoE驱动的机器学习网络优化。
Climate changes brought about by global warming as well as man-made environmental changes are often the cause of sever natural disasters. ICT, which is itself responsible for global warming due to its high carbon footprint, can play a role in alleviating the consequences of such hazards by providing reliable, resilient means of communication during a disaster crisis. In this paper, we explore the provision of wireless coverage through UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to complement, or replace, the traditional communication infrastructure. The use of UAVs is indeed crucial in emergency scenarios…
Connectivity-Aware UAV Path Planning with Aerial Coverage Maps
本文提出了一种利用UAV可控移动来克服地面用户优化的蜂窝网络在空中覆盖不连续问题的连接意识UAV路径规划方法，通过引入两个新指标量化UAV路径的蜂窝连接质量，并利用空中覆盖图提供准确的散射覆盖孔位置，将UAV路径规划问题转化为在连接约束下寻找最短路径的问题。
HiSTM: Hierarchical Spatiotemporal Mamba for Cellular Traffic Forecasting
针对蜂窝流量预测中准确率与计算效率的权衡问题，提出分层时空Mamba（HiSTM）模型，结合双重空间编码器与Mamba时间模块，在大幅减少参数量的同时显著提升了预测准确率与泛化能力。
Spectrum Allocation in Two-Tier Networks
包括覆盖有较短距离热点（例如，毫微微小区、分布式天线或有线中继）的常规蜂窝网络的双层网络提供了经济上可行的方式来提高蜂窝系统容量。这种网络的容量限制因素是干扰。宏小区和毫微微小区之间的跨层干扰可能由于远近问题而窒息容量，因此在实践中热点应该使用与潜在附近的高功率宏小区用户不同的频率信道。即使在传统蜂窝网络中也是困难且低效的集中式或协调式频率规划在两层网络中几乎是不可能的。针对采用频分多址（包括OFDMA）的两层网络，提出并分析了一种最优的分散频谱分配策略。建议的分配是最佳的面积频谱效率（ASE），并受到一个明智的服务质量（QoS）的要求，这保证了宏小区和毫微微小区用户达到至少一个规定的数据率。结果表明，这种分配的QoS要求，热点密度和同信道干扰的宏小区和周围的毫微微蜂窝基站的依赖。这一结果的设计解释。
The massive increase of data traffic, the widespread proliferation of wireless applications and the full-scale deployment of 5G and the IoT, imply a steep increase in cellular networks energy use, resulting in a significant carbon footprint. This paper presents a comprehensive model to show the interaction between the networking and energy features of the problem and study the economical and technical viability of green networking. Solar equipment, cell zooming, energy management and dynamic user allocation are considered in the upgrading network planning process. We propose a mixed-integer op…
System-centric modeling and analysis are of key significance in planning and optimizing cellular networks. In this paper, we provide a mathematical analysis of performance modeling for LTE networks. The system model characterizes the coupling relation between the cell load factors, taking into account non-uniform traffic demand and interference between the cells with arbitrary network topology. Solving the model enables a network-wide performance evaluation in resource consumption. We develop and prove both sufficient and necessary conditions for the feasibility of the load-coupling system, an…
Rapidly increasing traffic demand has forced indoor operators to deploy more and more Wi-Fi access points (APs). As AP density increases, inter-AP interference rises and may limit the capacity. Alternatively, cellular technologies using centralized interference coordination can provide the same capacity with the fewer number of APs at the price of more expensive equipment and installation cost. It is still not obvious at what demand level more sophisticated coordination pays off in terms of total system cost. To make this comparison, we assess the required AP density of three candidate systems…
Recent years have witnessed unprecedented amounts of data generated by telecommunication (Telco) cellular networks. For example, measurement records (MRs) are generated to report the connection states between mobile devices and Telco networks, e.g., received signal strength. MR data have been widely used to localize outdoor mobile devices for human mobility analysis, urban planning, and traffic forecasting. Existing works using first-order sequence models such as the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) attempt to capture spatio-temporal locality in underlying mobility patterns for lower localization err…
Global data traffic is expected to grow exponentially in the next few years with video and smartphone applications driving data growth. Many mobile network providers in the UK have either deployed or planning to deploy 4th generation Long-Term-Evolution (LTE) mobile technology as the solution to meet capacity demands. This study evaluates the technological improvements in 4G LTE in comparison to 3G High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and further conducts a techno-economic analysis using primary researched tariff data to determine network operator profitability and mobile tariff strategy to meet us…
This paper investigates the relationship between base station (BS) density and average spectral efficiency (SE) in the downlink of a cellular network. This relationship has been well known for sparse deployment, i.e. when the number of BSs is small compared to the number of users. In this case the SE is independent of BS density. As BS density grows, on the other hand, it has previously been shown that increasing the BS density increases the SE, but no tractable form for the SE-BS density relationship has yet been derived. In this paper we derive such a closed-form result that reveals the SE i…
The growing use of aerial user equipments (UEs) in various applications requires ubiquitous and reliable connectivity for safe control and data exchange between these devices and ground stations. Key questions that need to be addressed when planning the deployment of aerial UEs are whether the cellular network is a suitable candidate for enabling such connectivity, and how the inclusion of aerial UEs might impact the overall network efficiency. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of user and network level performance of a cellular network that serves both unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) a…
Every cellular network deployment requires planning and optimization in order to provide adequate coverage, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Optimization mobile radio network planning is a very complex task, as many aspects must be taken into account. With the rapid development in mobile network we need effective network planning tool to satisfy the need of customers. However, deciding upon the optimum placement for the base stations (BS s) to achieve best services while reducing the cost is a complex task requiring vast computational resource. This paper introduces the spatial clusteri…
Today, cellular networks have saturated frequencies below 3\,GHz. Because of increasing capacity requirements, 5th generation (5G) mobile networks target the 3.5\,GHz band (3.4 to 3.8\,GHz). Despite its expected wide usage, there is little empirical path loss data and mobile radio network planning experience for the 3.5\,GHz band available. This paper presents the results of rural, suburban, and urban measurement campaigns using a pre-standard 5G prototype testbed operating at 3.5\,GHz, with outdoor as well as outdoor-to-indoor scenarios. Based on the measurement results, path loss models are …
Multi-tier architecture improves the spatial reuse of radio spectrum in cellular networks, but it introduces complicated heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of transmitters, which brings new challenges in interference analysis. In this work, we present a stochastic geometric model to evaluate the uplink interference in a two-tier network considering multi-type users and base stations. Each type of tier-1 users and tier-2 base stations are modeled as independent homogeneous Poisson point processes, and tier-2 users are modeled as locally non-homogeneous clustered Poisson point processes c…
Joint Fiber and Free Space Optical Infrastructure Planning for Hybrid Integrated Access and Backhaul Networks
本文研究了光纤与自由空间光通信在混合接入和回传网络中的覆盖性能优化，探讨了在光纤成本受限情况下，混合部署带来的成本节约和能效提升。
Cellular Network Densification: a System-level Analysis with IAB, NCR and RIS
本文系统级比较IAB、NCR和RIS三种辅助节点在蜂窝网络密集化中的性能，通过户外体育赛事场景仿真表明IAB总体最优但存在干扰劣势，并分析了无人机部署的增益与限制。
The damage to cellular towers during natural and man-made disasters can disturb the communication services for cellular users. One solution to the problem is using unmanned aerial vehicles to augment the desired communication network. The paper demonstrates the design of a UAV-Assisted Imitation Learning (UnVAIL) communication system that relays the cellular users' information to a neighbor base station. Since the user equipment (UEs) are equipped with buffers with limited capacity to hold packets, UnVAIL alternates between different UEs to reduce the chance of buffer overflow, positions itsel…
It is crucial for the service provider to comprehend and forecast mobile traffic in large-scale cellular networks in order to govern and manage mechanisms for base station placement, load balancing, and network planning. The purpose of this article is to extract and simulate traffic patterns from more than 14,000 cells that have been installed in different metropolitan areas. To do this, we create, implement, and assess a method in which cells are first categorized by their point of interest and then clustered based on the temporal distribution of cells in each region. The proposed model has b…
We present Quantum Belief Propagation (QBP), a Quantum Annealing (QA) based decoder design for Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) error control codes, which have found many useful applications in Wi-Fi, satellite communications, mobile cellular systems, and data storage systems. QBP reduces the LDPC decoding to a discrete optimization problem, then embeds that reduced design onto quantum annealing hardware. QBP's embedding design can support LDPC codes of block length up to 420 bits on real state-of-the-art QA hardware with 2,048 qubits. We evaluate performance on real quantum annealer hardware, …
In this paper, we address the problem of optimal relay placement in a cellular network assuming network densification, with the aim of maximizing cell capacity. In our model, a fraction of radio resources is dedicated to the base-station (BS)/relay nodes (RN) communication. In the remaining resources, BS and RN transmit simultaneously to users. During this phase, the network is densified in the sense that the transmitters density and so network capacity are increased. Intra- and inter-cell interference is taken into account in Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) simple formulas deri…
Integrated access and backhaul (IAB) is one of the promising techniques for 5G networks and beyond (6G), in which the same node/hardware is used to provide both backhaul and cellular services in a multi-hop fashion. Due to the sensitivity of the backhaul links with high rate/reliability demands, proper network planning is needed to make the IAB network performing appropriately and as good as possible. In this paper, we study the effect of deployment optimization on the coverage of IAB networks. We concentrate on the cases where, due to either geographical or interference management limitations…
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