2 π球面度，能量离子传感器
2 pi-Steradian, Energetic-Ion Sensor
摘要：
由于高能粒子大量存在于行星磁层和行星际空间中，高能离子传感器自太空时代开始以来就一直在飞行。早期的传感器是固态探测器（SSD）望远镜，具有圆锥形视场，通常凭借航天器的自旋运动扫过一个圆（例如，IMP 7和8，ISEE 1和2）。在20世纪80年代和90年代，箔/微通道板（MCP）飞行时间（TOF）测量被添加到SSD提供的能量测量中（例如，AMPTE/CCE MEPA，Geotail EPIC/ICS，Galileo EPD）。由此产生的能量和速度唯一地确定了离子质量。最近，我们开发了一种2-D风扇接受角传感器，包括能量和TOF。当安装在一个旋转的航天器上时，这个160^ \circ x 12^ \circ FOV在一次旋转中扫描出近4π球面度。这种传感器因其形状而被称为“冰球”，目前正在信使号（EPS）和新视野号冥王星（PEPPSI）上飞行。信使EPS，新视野（冥王星）PEPPSI，卡西尼MIMI。虽然3轴稳定很好地服务于成像科学，但它阻碍了获得4π球面度离子测量的目标。我们正在开发一种能量离子传感器，用于测量离子能量和成分，并在没有关节机构的3轴稳定航天器上覆盖2π球面度。根据它的形状，我们把这个设计称为“蘑菇”。我们描述了内部资助的概念和它的状态，在开始的发展资金由美国宇航局根据行星仪器定义和发展计划（PIDDP）的发展。
英文摘要：
Because energetic particles populate both planetary magnetospheres and interplanetary space in significant quantities, energetic-ion sensors have been flown since the beginning of the space age. Early sensors were solid-state detector (SSD) telescopes, with conical fields of view, often swept through a circle by virtue of the spin motion of the spacecraft (e.g., IMP 7 and 8, ISEE 1 and 2). In the 1980s and 1990s, foil/microchannel plate (MCP) time-of-flight (TOF) measurements were added to the energy measurement provided by the SSD (eg, AMPTE/CCE MEPA, Geotail EPIC/ICS, Galileo EPD). The resulting energy and velocity uniquely identified ion mass. More recently, we have developed a 2-D fan acceptance angle sensor that includes both energy and TOF. When mounted on a spinning spacecraft, this 160^\circ x 12^\circ FOV sweeps out nearly 4πsteradians in one spin. This sensor, dubbed the "hockey puck" for its shape, is currently in flight on MESSENGER (EPS) and New Horizons Pluto (PEPPSI).Increasingly, energetic-ion sensors fly on 3-axis stabilized spacecraft (e.g., MESSENGER EPS, New Horizons (Pluto) PEPPSI, Cassini MIMI. While 3-axis stabilization serves imaging science well, it hampers the goal of obtaining 4π-steradian ion measurements. We are developing an energetic-ion sensor that measures ion energy and composition, and covers 2πsteradians on a 3-axis-stabilized spacecraft without an articulation mechanism. Based on its shape, we refer to this design as the "mushroom". We describe the internally funded development of the concept and its status at the start of development funding by NASA under the Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program (PIDDP).
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