旋转波近似：从开放量子系统分析的一致性和适用性
The Rotating-Wave Approximation: Consistency and Applicability from an Open Quantum System Analysis
摘要：
我们对开放量子系统中的行波近似的有效性进行了深入和彻底的讨论。我们发现，当在追踪环境之后引入它时，开放系统的所有时间尺度都被正确地再现，但量子态的细节可能不是。在跟踪之前进行的RWA更有问题：它导致环境引起的系统频率偏移的不正确值，并且由此产生的理论没有马尔可夫极限。我们指出，非常小心时，必须采取耦合两个开放系统在一起的RWA。虽然RWA可以产生一个Lindblad形式的主方程类似于一个人可能会得到在马尔可夫极限与白噪声，主方程的两个耦合系统是不是一个简单的组合，为每个系统的主方程，是可能的在马尔可夫极限。这样一个简单的组合会产生不准确的动力学。为了得到正确的主方程的组合系统的非马尔可夫动力学的适当考虑是必要的。
英文摘要：
We provide an in-depth and thorough treatment of the validity of the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) in an open quantum system. We find that when it is introduced after tracing out the environment, all timescales of the open system are correctly reproduced, but the details of the quantum state may not be. The RWA made before the trace is more problematic: it results in incorrect values for environmentally-induced shifts to system frequencies, and the resulting theory has no Markovian limit. We point out that great care must be taken when coupling two open systems together under the RWA. Though the RWA can yield a master equation of Lindblad form similar to what one might get in the Markovian limit with white noise, the master equation for the two coupled systems is not a simple combination of the master equation for each system, as is possible in the Markovian limit. Such a naive combination yields inaccurate dynamics. To obtain the correct master equation for the composite system a proper consideration of the non-Markovian dynamics is required.
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