不平等的普遍模式
Universal patterns of inequality
摘要：
货币，收入和人均能源消费的概率分布进行了研究的经济主体的合奏。有限资源分割的熵最大化原理给出了所研究变量的指数分布。不同系统之间货币温度的非均衡差异产生了货币和人口的净流量。为了描述收入分布，引入了一个具有加性和乘性分量的随机过程。所得分布在低端的指数和高端的幂律之间插值，与美国的经验数据一致。我们发现，美国收入不平等的增加主要源于上尾收入部分的增加，现在超过了总收入的20%。分析世界资源研究所的数据，我们发现世界人均能源消费的分布可以近似地用指数函数来描述。通过比较1990年、2000年和2005年的数据，我们讨论了全球化对能源消费不平等的影响。
英文摘要：
Probability distributions of money, income, and energy consumption per capita are studied for ensembles of economic agents. The principle of entropy maximization for partitioning of a limited resource gives exponential distributions for the investigated variables. A non-equilibrium difference of money temperatures between different systems generates net fluxes of money and population. To describe income distribution, a stochastic process with additive and multiplicative components is introduced. The resultant distribution interpolates between exponential at the low end and power law at the high end, in agreement with the empirical data for USA. We show that the increase of income inequality in USA originates primarily from the increase of the income fraction going to the upper tail, which now exceeds 20% of the total income. Analyzing the data from the World Resources Institute, we find that the distribution of energy consumption per capita around the world can be approximately described by the exponential function. Comparing the data for 1990, 2000, and 2005, we discuss the effect of globalization on the inequality of energy consumption.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
