AC约瑟夫森频率的规范不变量推导和对序参量相位起源的再思考
A gauge invariant derivation of the AC Josephson frequency and a reconsideration of the origin of the phase of the order-parameter
摘要：
我们推导出交流约瑟夫森频率使用规范不变的运动方程，包括电池接触效应。频率是由带电粒子通过绝缘体中的电场时产生的Aharonov-Bohm相位和电池触点产生的化学电势差的贡献之和给出的;它们中的每一个都对频率贡献$|q|V/h$，其中$q$是电荷，因此，总和是$2|q|V/h$。因此，观测到的Josepshon频率$2|e|V/h$意味着隧穿粒子上的电荷是$e$。到目前为止，各种推导都忽略了上述两个贡献中的一个;原始推导由于绝缘体中没有包含电场而忽略了第一个贡献。结果表明，序参量的相位不是由库珀对的数目涨落引起的.我们提出了一个替代的起源，我们认为，贝里阶段所产生的自旋涡旋的起源。
英文摘要：
We derive the AC Josephson frequency using the gauge invariant equations of motion with including the battery-contact effect. The frequency is given as a sum of a contribution from an Aharonov-Bohm phase that arises when charged-partices pass through an electric field in the insulator and that from a chemical potential difference arising form the battery contact; each of them contributes $|q|V/h$ to the frequency where $q$ is the charge, thus, the sum is $2|q|V/h$. The observed Josepshon frequency, $2|e|V/h$, hence, means that the charge on the tunneling particles is $e$. A variety of derivations so far miss one of the above two contributions; the original derivation misses the first contribution due to the lack of inclusion of the electric field in the insulator. The present result indicates that the phase of the order-parameter does not arise from the number fluctuations of Cooper pairs. We present an alternative origin for it; we argue that a Berry phase that arises from spin-vortices is the origin.
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