从时间到时间-爱因斯坦未完成的革命
From time to timescape - Einstein's unfinished revolution
摘要：
我认为，爱因斯坦忽略了时间相对性的一个重要方面，从来没有完全实现他的追求，体现马赫的原则，在他的引力理论。作为实现这一目标的一步，我扩大了强等效原理的物理学，宇宙等效原理，占的作用，不断变化的平均区域密度的宇宙在同步的时钟和惯性系的相对校准。在一个由大尺度结构巡天观测到的大小的空洞所主导的宇宙中，膨胀区域的密度对比足够强烈，以至于必须考虑空洞和星系环境之间的背景相对减速，通常为10^{-10} m/s^2的量级。结果，人们发现了一个宇宙，它的当前年龄根据观察者的位置而变化数十亿年：一个时间逃逸。这个模型宇宙在观测上是可行的：它通过了三个关键的独立测试，并做出了额外的预测。暗能量被揭示为对引力能量梯度的错误识别以及由此产生的时钟频率变化。因此，要理解宇宙学中最大的谜团，就需要进行范式转换，但方向出乎意料：爱因斯坦自己的理论中对时间和能量的概念理解是不完整的。
英文摘要：
I argue that Einstein overlooked an important aspect of the relativity of time in never quite realizing his quest to embody Mach's principle in his theory of gravity. As a step towards that goal, I broaden the Strong Equivalence Principle to a new principle of physics, the Cosmological Equivalence Principle, to account for the role of the evolving average regional density of the universe in the synchronisation of clocks and the relative calibration of inertial frames. In a universe dominated by voids of the size observed in large-scale structure surveys, the density contrasts of expanding regions are strong enough that a relative deceleration of the background between voids and the environment of galaxies, typically of order 10^{-10} m/s^2, must be accounted for. As a result one finds a universe whose present age varies by billions of years according to the position of the observer: a timescape. This model universe is observationally viable: it passes three critical independent tests, and makes additional predictions. Dark energy is revealed as a mis-identification of gravitational energy gradients and the resulting variance in clock rates. Understanding the biggest mystery in cosmology therefore involves a paradigm shift, but in an unexpected direction: the conceptual understanding of time and energy in Einstein's own theory is incomplete.
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