宇宙中的非均匀性与广义相对论的精确解
Inhomogeneities in the Universe with exact solutions of General Relativity
摘要：
人们通常认为，我们已经进入了精确宇宙学的时代，许多重要的观测已经达到了一定程度的精确度，与理论的一致程度，可以与许多地球物理实验相媲美。结果之一是需要检查在什么时候我们通常的，与微扰理论的使用相关的均匀性假设开始损害我们模型的准确性。现在人们普遍接受的事实是，当人们想要构建一个精确的宇宙学模型时，在宇宙中观察到的不均匀性的影响是不可忽视的。成熟的物理学可以解释几个观察到的现象，而不引入高度投机的元素，如暗物质，暗能量，在任何实验中从未达到的密度指数膨胀（即暴胀）等。目前主要使用两类方法来处理这些问题。取平均值，有时与斯托格和埃利斯的拟合程序有关，为我们提供了一种解决问题的有希望的方法。另一种方法是使用广义相对论的精确非齐次解。这将在这里发展。
英文摘要：
It is commonly stated that we have entered the era of precision cosmology in which a number of important observations have reached a degree of precision, and a level of agreement with theory, that is comparable with many Earth-based physics experiments. One of the consequences is the need to examine at what point our usual, well-worn assumption of homogeneity associated to the use of perturbation theory begins to compromise the accuracy of our models. It is now a widely accepted fact that the effect of the inhomogeneities observed in the Universe cannot be ignored when one wants to construct an accurate cosmological model. Well-established physics can explain several of the observed phenomena without introducing highly speculative elements, like dark matter, dark energy, exponential expansion at densities never attained in any experiment (i.e. inflation), and the like. Two main classes of methods are currently used to deal with these issues. Averaging, sometimes linked to fitting procedures a la Stoegger and Ellis, provide us with one promising way of solving the problem. Another approach is the use of exact inhomogeneous solutions of General Relativity. This will be developed here.
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