突破常规核坍缩超新星的界限：极高能超新星SN 2003 ma
Pushing the Boundaries of Conventional Core-Collapse Supernovae: The Extremely Energetic Supernova SN 2003ma
摘要：
我们报告了一颗超新星（SN）的发现，它具有迄今为止最高的视能量输出，并得出结论，它代表了IIn型子类的一个极端例子。超新星是在z = 0.289的大麦云云后面被Supercrystal O微透镜巡天发现的，它的峰值在M_R = -21.5等，在峰值之后的4.7年里只下降了2.9等。在此期间，SN 2003 ma的积分热光度为4 x 10^51尔格，比迄今为止的任何SN都要高。辐射能量接近常规堆芯坍塌爆炸所允许的极限。光谱显示SN 2003 ma具有持续的单峰中宽氢谱线，这是SN和致密的星周介质之间相互作用的标志。光变曲线显示了星周相互作用的进一步证据，包括一个长的平台，其形状与经典的SN I在1988 Z非常相似-然而，SN 2003 ma在所有时期的亮度都要高出10倍。测量到的中等宽度H_α分量的快速速度（~6000 km/s）指向一个能量极高的爆炸（> 10^52尔格），它使激波后物质具有更快的爆炸波速度，并且相互作用产生的光度比在典型的SNe IIn中观察到的更高。SN 2003 ma的中红外观测表明，距离SN约0.5 pc的正常星际尘埃产生了红外线回波。
英文摘要：
We report the discovery of a supernova (SN) with the highest apparent energy output to date and conclude that it represents an extreme example of the Type IIn subclass. The SN, which was discovered behind the Large Magellanic Cloud at z = 0.289 by the SuperMACHO microlensing survey, peaked at M_R = -21.5 mag and only declined by 2.9 mag over 4.7 years after the peak. Over this period, SN 2003ma had an integrated bolometric luminosity of 4 x 10^51 ergs, more than any other SN to date. The radiated energy is close to the limit allowed by conventional core-collapse explosions. Optical spectra reveal that SN 2003ma has persistent single-peaked intermediate-width hydrogen lines, a signature of interaction between the SN and a dense circumstellar medium. The light curves show further evidence for circumstellar interaction, including a long plateau with a shape very similar to the classic SN IIn 1988Z -- however, SN 2003ma is ten times more luminous at all epochs. The fast velocity measured for the intermediate-width H_alpha component (~6000 km/s) points towards an extremely energetic explosion (> 10^52 ergs), which imparts a faster blast-wave speed to the post-shock material and a higher luminosity from the interaction than is observed in typical SNe IIn. Mid-infrared observations of SN 2003ma suggest an infrared light echo is produced by normal interstellar dust at a distance ~0.5 pc from the SN.
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