Q球的物理学
The Physics of Q-balls
摘要：
本文研究了一类非拓扑孤子Q球的定态性质和形成过程。我们探讨了量子力学和经典稳定性的Q球出现在多项式，重力介导和规范介导的潜力。通过给出详细的解析和数值结果，我们证明了在上述任何一种势中都可能存在绝对稳定的非热Q球。后两种势是由阿弗莱克-戴恩重子生成理论激发的，阿弗莱克-戴恩重子生成理论是解决目前重子不对称性的最佳候选理论之一。通过在标量势中加入量子修正，后暴胀时代自然形成的凝聚体可以是经典不稳定的，并分裂成Q球，这些Q球可以是长寿的，也可以衰变成通常的重子/轻子以及最轻的超对称粒子。这种情况自然地提供了重子不对称性和宇宙中重子与暗物质之间能量密度的相似性。引入详细的晶格模拟，我们认为，这些Q球的形成，热化和稳定性取决于与超对称性破缺的模型的属性。
英文摘要：
In this thesis we investigate the stationary properties and formation process of a class of nontopological solitons, namely Q-balls. We explore both the quantum-mechanical and classical stability of Q-balls that appear in polynomial, gravity-mediated and gauge-mediated potentials. By presenting our detailed analytic and numerical results, we show that absolutely stable non-thermal Q-balls may exist in any kinds of the above potentials. The latter two types of potentials are motivated by Affleck-Dine baryogenesis, which is one of the best candidate theories to solve the present baryon asymmetry. By including quantum corrections in the scalar potentials, a naturally formed condensate in a post-inflationary era can be classically unstable and fragment into Q-balls that can be long-lived or decay into the usual baryons/leptons as well as the lightest supersymmeric particles. This scenario naturally provides the baryon asymmetry and the similarity of the energy density between baryons and dark matter in the Universe. Introducing detailed lattice simulations, we argue that the formation, thermalisation and stability of these Q-balls depend on the properties of models involved with supersymmetry breaking.
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