Vainu Bappu纪念讲座：什么是太阳黑子？
Vainu Bappu Memorial Lecture: What is a sunspot?
摘要：
自从伽利略和托马斯·哈里奥特在近四个世纪前首次使用望远镜观察太阳以来，太阳黑子就被西方所知;中国人已经知道了两千多年。它们在太阳表面上看起来是相对较暗的斑块，是由磁场集中造成的，磁场集中阻碍了热量从太阳内部深处流向太阳明亮的表面。这些斑点不是永久性的：太阳上黑子的总数随时间周期性地变化，周期大约为11年，与此相关的似乎是我们的气候变化。当有很多斑点时，航天器运行更危险。至于死亡的原因，我们并不清楚，也不知道他们是如何死亡的。它们在太阳表面下的结构存在争议，尽管人们对它们在表面的性质有很多了解，包括一百年前约翰·埃弗谢德在科代卡纳观察太阳时发现的向外物质流。我将向你们简要介绍我们是如何努力加深对这些迷人特征的理解的，以及与之相关的一些现象。
英文摘要：
Sunspots have been known in the West since Galileo Galilei and Thomas Harriot first used telescopes to observe the Sun nearly four centuries ago; they have been known to the Chinese for more than two thousand years. They appear as relatively dark patches on the surface of the Sun, and are caused by concentrations of magnetism which impede the flow of heat from deep inside the Sun up to its othewise brilliant surface. The spots are not permanent: the total number of spots on the Sun varies cyclically in time, with a period of about eleven years, associated with which there appear to be variations in our climate. When there are many spots, it is more dangerous for spacecraft to operate. The cause of the spots is not well understood; nor is it known for sure how they die. Their structure beneath the surface of the Sun is in some dispute, although much is known about their properties at the surface, including an outward material flow which was discovered by John Evershed observing the Sun from Kodaikanal a hundred years ago. I shall give you a glimpse of how we are striving to deepen our understanding of these fascinating features, and of some of the phenomena that appear to be associated with them.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
