Anders Tranberg, Andres Hernandez, Thomas Konstandin, Michael G. Schmidt
We study a mechanism that generates the baryon asymmetry of the Universe during a tachyonic electroweak phase transition. We utilize as sole source of CP violation an operator that was recently obtained from the Standard Model by integrating out the quarks.
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We perform real-time numerical lattice simulations of a one-family version of the Standard Model. We model the quantum fermions using the ensemble method and treat the bosonic scalar and non-abelian gauge fields classically. Our main interest is electroweak baryogenesis, and we test the approach by considering Standard Model baryon number violation through the chiral anomaly, a truly quantum phenomenon. We find that the method correctly reproduces the anomaly, and perform the first dynamical simulations of electroweak baryon number violation including fermions.
Using large scale real-time lattice simulations, we calculate the baryon asymmetry generated at a fast, cold electroweak symmetry breaking transition. CP-violation is provided by the leading effective bosonic term resulting from integrating out the fermions in the Minimal Standard Model at zero temperature, and performing a covariant gradient expansion [1]. This is an extension of the work presented in [2]. The numerical implementation is described in detail, and we address issues specifically related to using this CP-violating term in the context of Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis. The results …
We perform the first investigation of cold electroweak baryogenesis in the two Higgs-doublet model (2HDM). The electroweak symmetry breaking transition is assumed to occur through a spinodal instability from a super-cooled initial state. We consider the creation of net Chern-Simons number, which through the axial anomaly is equivalent to baryon number. CP-violation is explicit in the scalar potential, but only in combination with P-violation is it possible for an asymmetry to be generated. This is introduced through the leading C- and P-breaking, but CP-invariant, term expected to arise upon i…
It is conventional wisdom that successful electroweak baryogenesis in the Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM) is in tension with the non-observation of electric dipole moments (EDMs), since the level of CP-violation responsible for electroweak baryogenesis is believed to generate unavoidably large EDMs. We show that CP-violation in the bino-Higgsino sector of the MSSM can account for successful electroweak baryogenesis without inducing large EDMs. This observation weakens the correlation between electroweak baryogenesis and EDMs, and makes the bino-driven electroweak …
I review the status of the strength of the electroweak phase transition, and electroweak baryogenesis in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (work done with K. Kainulainen and M. Joyce). The emphasis is on new brane-inspired ideas about electroweak baryogenesis, and improvements in the semiclassical treatment of CP violation at a first order electroweak phase transition.
Electroweak baryogenesis is briefly overviewed with emphasis on nondecoupling loop properties of the scalar particles. In particular, quantum corrections to the triple Higgs boson coupling is discussed as a probe of electroweak baryogenesis.
In this contribution we will shortly review the main mechanism through which primordial magnetic fields may affect the electroweak baryogenesis. It is shown that although strong magnetic fields might enhance the strength of the electroweak phase transition, no benefit is found for baryogenesis once the effect of the field on the sphaleron rate is taken into account. The possible role of hypermagnetic helicity for the electroweak baryogenesis is shortly discussed.
Cold electroweak baryogenesis was proposed as a scenario to bypass generic problems of electroweak baryogenesis within the Standard Model. In this scenario, baryogenesis takes place during an electroweak symmetry breaking transition, which is also responsible for preheating after inflation. In the simplest modelling of the scenario, only two parameters remain undetermined: The Higgs mass and the strength of CP violation. Using full real-time lattice simulations, we compute the dependence of the asymmetry on these parameters.
We consider origins of the baryon asymmetry which we observe today. We review the progress of electroweak-scale baryogenesis, and show a new mechanism, string-scale baryogenesis.
I review the mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis within the framework of a string motivated supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model with large flavor-independent CP-violating phases. Possible implications for the Higgs sector are considered in correlation with the properties of the right-handed stop. I also comment on the compatibility of supersymmetric electroweak baryogenesis with various CP-violating observables.
We consider feasibility of electroweak baryogenesis in gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking models with messenger-matter mixing. We present a class of models where electroweak baryogenesis produces sufficient amount of baryon asymmetry. The main features of these models are ({\it i}) large mixing between messengers and right stop and ({\it ii}) fairly narrow region of viable $\tanβ$.
We report a recent attempt to relate $CP$ violation in the electroweak theory with two Higgs doublets to the baryon asymmetry generated at the electroweak phase transition, after surveying the scenario of the electroweak baryogenesis.
We compute the baryon asymmetry created in a tachyonic electroweak symmetry breaking transition, focusing on the dependence on the source of effective CP-violation. Earlier simulations of Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis have almost exclusively considered a very specific CP-violating term explicitly biasing Chern-Simons number. We compare four different dimension six, scalar-gauge CP-violating terms, involving both the Higgs field and another dynamical scalar coupled to SU(2) or U(1) gauge fields. We find that for sensible values of parameters, all implementations can generate a baryon asymmetry …
An axion-like particle (ALP) offers a new direction in electroweak baryogenesis because the periodic nature enables it to trigger a strong first-order phase transition insensitively to the decay constant $f$. For $f$ much above TeV, the ALP-induced electroweak phase transition is approximately described by adiabatic processes, distinguishing our scenario for electroweak baryogenesis from the conventional ones. We show that, coupled to the electroweak anomaly, the ALP can naturally realize spontaneous electroweak baryogenesis to solve the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem for $f$ in the range…
Baryogenesis at the electroweak phase transition is discussed within the framework of the supersymmetric standard model. Implications of baryon asymmetry for the electric dipole moment of the neutron are also studied.
In this talk, electroweak baryogenesis in the nMSSM is discussed. We focus on differences compared to the MSSM. We conclude that electroweak baryogenesis in the nMSSM is rather generic. Still, sfermions of the first two generations are required to be heavy to evade constraints from electric dipole moments.
I review recent progress on the electroweak phase transition and baryogenesis, focusing on the minimal supersymmetric standard model as the source of new physics.
We investigate scenarios in which electroweak baryogenesis can occur during an exotic stage of electroweak symmetry breaking in the early Universe. This transition is driven by the expectation value of a new electroweak scalar instead of the standard Higgs field. A later, second transition then takes the system to the usual electroweak minimum, dominated by the Higgs, while preserving the baryon asymmetry created in the first transition. We discuss the general requirements for such a two-stage electroweak transition to be suitable for electroweak baryogenesis and present a toy model that illus…
We study electroweak baryogenesis in the E_6 inspired exceptional supersymmetric standard model ( E_6SSM ). The relaxation coefficients driven by singlinos and the new gaugino as well as the transport equation of the Higgs supermultiplet number density in the E_6SSM are calculated. Our numerical simulation shows that both CP-violating source terms from singlinos and the new gaugino can solely give rise to a correct baryon asymmetry of the Universe via the electroweak baryogenesis mechanism.
Baryon asymmetry can be generated at the first order electroweak phase transition, provided there is a CP violation on the bubble wall. In this report we discuss the role of leptons and quarks in the `non-local' baryogenesis mechanism.
We demonstrate the viability of electroweak baryogenesis scenarios in which the necessary departure from equilibrium is realized by the evolution of a network of topological defects. We consider several effective models of TeV physics, each addressing a fundamental particle physics problem, and in which the conditions necessary for defect-mediated electroweak baryogenesis are naturally satisfied. In each case we compare the strength of the model with that expected from scenarios in which baryogenesis proceeds with the propagation of critical bubbles.
If stable electroweak strings are copiously produced during the electroweak phase transition, they may contribute significantly to the presently observed baryon to entropy ratio of the Universe. This analysis establishes the feasibility of implementing an electroweak baryogenesis scenario without a first order phase transition.
We revisit the numerical computation of the baryon asymmetry from Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis given the physical Higgs mass. We investigate the dependence of the asymmetry on the speed at which electroweak symmetry breaking takes place. The maximum asymmetry does not occur for arbitrarily fast quenches, but at quench times of about $τ_q\simeq 16\, m_H^{-1}$, with no asymmetry created for quenches slower than $τ_q>30\, m_H^{-1}$. Curiously, we also find that the overall sign of the asymmetry depends on the quench time.
The status of electroweak baryogenesis in the minimal supersymmetric standard model is reviewed. I discuss the strength of the phase transition, CP violation and transport at the bubble walls, and the possibility of a two stage transition involving charge and color breaking.
We show that, for all values of $Tan β$ and the light right-handed stop mass for which the electroweak phase transition is strong enough to avoid washout following electroweak baryogenesis, the electroweak vacuum is stable over the lifetime of the observed Universe. Cosmological stability of the electroweak vacuum is violated only if the light right-handed stop is lighter than 100-115GeV.
We examine a recent claim that Debye screening will affect the charge transport mechanism of anomalous electroweak baryogenesis. We show that the effects of gauge charge screening do not affect the baryon number produced during a first order electroweak phase transition. (Requires harvmac.tex)
We study the collider phenomenology of the electroweak phase transition and electroweak baryogenesis in the framework of the effective field theory. Our study shows that the effective theory using the dimension-6 operators can enforce strong first order phase transition and provide sizable CP violation to realize a successful electroweak baryogenesis. Such dimension-6 operators can induce interesting Higgs phenomenology that can be verified at colliders such as the LHC and the planning CEPC. We then demonstrate that this effective theory can originate from vector-like quarks and the triplet Hi…
We review the mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis. Our focus is on the derivation of quantum transport equations from first principles within the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism. We emphasize the importance of the semiclassical force approach, which provides reliable predictions in most models. In the light of recent electric dipole moment measurements and given the results on new physics searches from collider experiments, the status of electroweak baryogenesis is discussed in a variety of models.
We perform numerical simulations of Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis, including for the first time in the Bosonic sector the full electroweak gauge group SU(2)$\times$U(1) and CP-violation. We find that the maximum generated baryon asymmetry is reduced by a factor of three relative to the SU(2)-only model, but that the quench time dependence is very similar. In addition, we compute the magnitude of the helical magnetic fields, and find that it is proportional to the strength of CP-violation and dependent on quench time, but is not proportional to the magnitude of the baryon asymmetry as proposed …
We use transport equations to compute the evolution of the quark plasma at the electroweak phase transition in the two-doublet Higgs model, obtaining in a more rigorous and quantitatively accurate way results consistent with previous work. We discuss the model in connection with the electroweak baryogenesis scenario, and claim that the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe can be obtained within this model with a suitable choice of parameters.
We analyze the spontaneous baryogenesis and charge transport mechanisms suggested by Cohen, Kaplan and Nelson for baryon asymmetry generation in extended versions of electroweak theory. We find that accounting for non-perturbative chirality-breaking transitions due to strong sphalerons reduces the baryonic asymmetry by the factor $(m_t/πT)^2$ or $α_W$, provided those processes are in thermal equilibrium.
If stable electroweak strings are copiously produced during the electroweak phase transition, they may contribute significantly to the presently observed baryon to entropy ratio of the universe. This analysis establishes the feasibility of implementing an electroweak baryogenesis scenario without a first order phase transition.
We study electric dipole moment bounds on CP-violating phases in the MSSM with special emphasis on the cancelation scenario. We find that in the range favored by electroweak baryogenesis ({\it i.e.,} $|μ|\simeq M_1$ or $|μ|\simeq M_2$), $\sin [θ_μ+θ_{M_1}]$ can be as large as ${\cal O}(1)$, even for slepton masses below 500 GeV. Such large values of the phases promise a successful electroweak baryogenesis. We also discuss the possibility of large CP-odd effects at a linear collider.
We develop a new and general method to calculate the effects of \cp\ violation from extensions of the standard model on the mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis. We illustrate its applicability in the framework of two-higgs doublet models.
The possibility of electroweak baryogenesis is considered within the framework of a left-right supersymmetric model. It is shown that for a range of parameters the large sneutrino VEV required for parity breaking varies at the electroweak phase transition leading to a production of baryons. The resulting baryon to entropy ratio is approximated to be ${n_B\over s}\sim α0.7 \times10^{-8}$, where $α$ is the angle that the phase of sneutrino VEV changes at the electroweak phase transition.
We compute the baryon asymmetry generated from Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis, when a dynamical Beyond-the-Standard-Model scalar singlet field triggers the spinodal transition. Using a simple potential for this additional field, we match the speed of the quench to earlier simulations with a "by-hand" mass flip. We find that for the parameter subspace most similar to a by-hand transition, the final baryon asymmetry shows a similar dependence on quench time and is of the same magnitude. For more general parameter choices the Higgs-singlet dynamics can be very complicated, resulting in an enhancem…
Pedagogical lectures on baryogenesis, with emphasis on the electroweak phase transition and electroweak baryogenesis. Contents: (1) Observational evidence for the BAU; (2) Sakharov's conditions for baryogenesis; (3) Example: GUT baryogenesis; (4) B and CP violation in the standard model; (5) Electroweak phase transition and electroweak baryogenesis; (6) A model of electroweak baryogenesis: the two Higgs doublet model; (7) EWBG in the MSSM; (8) Leptogenesis
We discuss some recent developments made in the computation of the baryon asymmetry generated at the electroweak scale. We emphasize that the local number density asymmetries of the particles involved in supersymmetric electroweak baryogenesis must be described by a set of Quantum Boltzmann Equations. These diffusion equations automatically and self-consistently incorporate the CP-violating sources which fuel baryogenesis and manifest ``memory'' effects which are typical of the quantum transport theory and are not present in the classical approach.
Baryogenesis during the electroweak phase transition is a plausible scenario for for the origin of matter in the Universe. Furthermore, it has the advantage over other scenarios in that one can imagine that much of the physics involved may be experimentally probed before long. In the past year a consensus has developed about major mechanisms involved. In this talk I give an overview of the standard picture, and discuss briefly the advances over the past year that suggest electroweak baryogenesis is a robust phenomenon.
The presence of a primordial magnetic field in the early universe affects the dynamic of the electroweak phase transition enhancing its strength. This effect may enlarge the window for electroweak baryogenesis in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model or even resurrect the electroweak baryogenesis scenario in the standard model. We compute the sphaleron energy in the background of the magnetic field and show that, due to the sphaleron dipole moment, the barrier between topologically inequivalent vacua is lowered. Therefore, the preservation of the baryon asymmetry calls for…
We consider the scenario of electroweak baryogenesis mediated by cosmological defect in models of supersymmetry breaking. When the effective electroweak breaking scale is raised in the defect configuration, the mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis works at a higher energy scale. The baryon charge produced by the mechanism is captured in the defect, protected from sphalerons and then released when the defect decay.
We study on the electroweak baryogenesis problem in the vector-like quark model. This model can add to the minimal standard model the extra CP-violation source which breaks CP spontaneously. Using charge transport mechanism suggested by Nelson et al, we can get the net hypercharge flux : $f_{Y} \sim 10^{-5}$. This result could nicely explain the present baryon to entropy ratio : $ρ_{B}/s \sim 10^{-9}$.
Recent work on generating the excess of matter over antimatter in the early universe during the electroweak phase transition is reviewed.
We explore the possibility that the electroweak phase transition happens at a scale much higher than the electroweak scale today. In this context, high scale CP-violating sources for electroweak baryogenesis are not constrained by low-energy experiments. We propose a scenario of high-scale electroweak baryogenesis linked to flavour physics. This scenario allows for a period of enhanced Yukawa couplings during the evolution of the universe, which source time-dependent CP violation. The electroweak symmetry is never restored after the high-scale phase transition due to negative contributions to …
We propose a new scenario of the electroweak baryogenesis based on the properties of electroweak domain walls surrounding black holes in the Higgs phase vacuum of the extended Standard Model with 2-Higgs doublets. It is shown that there exists the electroweak domain walls and the symmetric regions surrounding black holes and that the Hawking radiation of the black holes can produce a non-zero baryon number density. The scenario can explain the origin of the baryon number in our universe even without the assumption of the existence of the first order electroweak phase transition.
In the defect-mediated electroweak baryogenesis scenario, baryons are produced in well separated regions of space. It is shown that between the electroweak phase transition at a temperature of $T \sim 100 {\rm GeV}$ and the end of nucleosynthesis at $T \sim 1 {\rm KeV}$ the baryon inhomogeneities dissipate, and that no constraints on defect-mediated electroweak baryogenesis can be derived from considerations of inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis.
In models of thick wall electroweak baryogenesis a common assumption is that the plasma interacting with the expanding Higgs bubble wall during the electroweak phase transition is in kinetic equilibrium (or close to it). We point out that, in addition to the requirement of low wall velocity, kinetic equilibrium requires that the change in the momentum of the particles due to the force exerted by the wall should be much less than that due to scattering as the plasma passes through the wall. We investigate whether this condition is satisfied for charginos and neutralinos participating in thick w…
We study collider signatures of electroweak baryogenesis in the two Higgs doublet model and the minimal supersymmetric standard model. It is found that the trilinear coupling of the lightest Higgs boson receives large quantum corrections if the electroweak phase transition is strongly first order for successful baryogenesis. In the two Higgs doublet model, the magnitude of the deviation from the standard model value is shown to be larger than 10 percent. Such a deviation can be detected at a future electron-positron linear collider.
I report on a critical analysis of the scenario of electroweak baryogenesis mediated by nonsuperconducting cosmic strings. This mechanism relies upon electroweak symmetry restoration in a region around cosmic strings, where sphalerons would be unsuppressed. I discuss the various problems this scenario has to face, presenting a careful computation of the sphaleron rates inside the strings, of the chemical potential for chiral number and of the efficiency of baryogenesis in different regimes of string networks. The conclusion is that the asymmetry in baryon number generated by this scenario is s…
The contributions from the Ochanomizu CP Study Group to the KEK meetings on "CP violation and its origin" (1993-1997) are summarized on electroweak baryogenesis and anomalous W-boson couplings. We survey planned new experiments which could examine some aspects studied in our contributions. We also discuss several issues on baryogenesis. Ten problems are presented for further studies.
We explore the connection between the strength of the electroweak phase transition and the properties of the Higgs boson. Our interest is in regions of parameter space that can realize electroweak baryogenesis. We do so in a simplified framework in which a single Higgs field couples to new scalar fields charged under SU(3)_c by way of the Higgs portal. Such new scalars can make the electroweak phase transition more strongly first-order, while contributing to the effective Higgs boson couplings to gluons and photons through loop effects. For Higgs boson masses in the range 115 GeV < m_h < 130 G…
In principle, the baryon asymmetry of the Universe can be generated at the electroweak phase transition but the experimental lower limit on the Higgs mass seems to rule out a Standard Model scenario. However, it has been shown recently that in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, the electroweak phase transition can be a strong enough first order one for baryogenesis if the mass of one top squark is close to or smaller than the top mass.
Electroweak baryogenesis is a simple and attractive candidate mechanism for generating the observed baryon asymmetry in the Universe. Its viability is sometimes investigated in terms of an effective field theory of the Standard Model involving higher dimension operators. We investigate the validity of such an effective field theory approach to the problem of identifying electroweak phase transitions strong enough for electroweak baryogenesis to be successful. We identify and discuss some pitfalls of this approach due to the modest hierarchy between mass scales of heavy degrees or freedom and t…
After a short review of baryogenesis mechanisms, we focus on the charge transport mechanism at the electroweak scale, effective at strong electroweak phase transitions. Starting from the one-loop Schwinger-Dyson equations for fermions coupled to bosons, we present a derivation of the relevant kinetic equations in the on-shell and gradient approximations, relevant for the thick wall baryogenesis regime. We then discuss the CP-violating source from the semiclassical force in the flow term, and compare it with the source arising in the collision term of the kinetic equation. Finally, we summarize…
An axion can make the electroweak phase transition strongly first-order as required for electroweak baryogenesis even if it is weakly coupled to the Higgs sector. This is essentially because the axion periodicity naturally allows the structure of phase transition to be insensitive to the axion decay constant that determines the strength of axion interactions. Furthermore, the axion can serve as a CP phase relevant to electroweak baryogenesis if one introduces an effective axion coupling to the top quark Yukawa operator. Then, for $f$ between about TeV and order $10$~TeV, the observed baryon as…
A phenomenological consequence of electroweak baryogenesis is studied in connection with the Higgs physics. In a two Higgs double model, the first order phase transition can be strong enough to allow the electroweak baryogenesis due to the effect of extra Higgs bosons. We investigate the quantum correction to the triple coupling of the lightest Higgs boson in such a scenario, and find that the condition of the strong first order phase transition necessarily leads to the deviation of at least 10 percent from the standard model prediction. Such magnitude of the deviation can be identified in fut…
We present real-time lattice simulations of Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis, in which the baryon asymmetry of the Universe is generated during tachyonic electroweak symmetry breaking at the end of inflation. In the minimal realisation of the model, only three parameters remain undetermined: the strength of CP-violation, the Higgs mass and the speed of the symmetry breaking quench. The dependence of the asymmetry on these parameters is studied.
Standard electroweak baryogenesis in the context of a first order phase transition is effective in generating the baryon asymmetry of the universe if the broken phase bubbles expand at subsonic speed, so that CP asymmetric currents can diffuse in front of the wall. Here we present a new mechanism for electroweak baryogenesis which operates for supersonic bubble walls. It relies on the formation of small bubbles of the symmetric phase behind the bubble wall, in the broken phase, due to the heating of the plasma as the wall passes by. We apply the mechanism to a model in which the Higgs field is…
Electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) remains a theoretically attractive and experimentally testable scenario for explaining the cosmic baryon asymmetry. We review recent progress in computations of the baryon asymmetry within this framework and discuss their phenomenological consequences. We pay particular attention to methods for analyzing the electroweak phase transition and calculating CP-violating asymmetries, the development of Standard Model extensions that may provide the necessary ingredients for EWBG, and searches for corresponding signatures at the high energy, intensity, and cosmological…
We consider the scenario of electroweak baryogenesis mediated by cosmological defects in a model of extra dimension. We consider the domain wall on the brane in higher-dimensional theories.The electroweak breaking scale is suppressed and the sphaleron interaction is activated in the false vacuum.
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