泡利不相容原理的实验检验
Experimental test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle
摘要：
简要回顾了作者在过去10年中参与的三项关于泡利不相容原理检验的实验工作。在第一项工作中，对异常碳原子进行了搜索，并确定了这种原子存在的极限，即$^{12}\tilde{\mathrm C}$ / $^{12}$ C $< 2.5\times10^{-12}$。在第二项工作中，我们用NEMO-2探测器对PEP进行了测试，得到了$^{12}$ C中p壳层核子的PEP破坏极限。具体地说，过渡到完全占据的$1s_{1/2}$ -壳层产生的限制$4.2\times10^{24}$ y的过程与$γ$ -量子的发射。类似地，报告了$β^-$的$3.1\times10^{24}$ y和$β^+$的$2.6\times10^{24}$ y的极限，$^{12}$ C $\to$ $^{12}\tilde{\mathrm N}$（$^{12}\tilde{\mathrm B}$）的Pauli禁止跃迁。在第三项工作中，假设中微子违反PEP，因此中微子至少部分服从玻色-爱因斯坦统计。考虑了违反双β衰变不相容原理的后果。这种破坏强烈地改变了衰变的速率，并改变了发射电子的能量和角分布。结果表明，纯玻色子中微子被目前的实验数据排除在外。在部分玻色子中微子的情况下，现有数据的分析允许一个上限为$sin^2χ< 0.6$。未来测量的敏感性也进行了评估。
英文摘要：
A short review is given of three experimental works on tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) in which the author has been involved during the last 10 years. In the first work a search for anomalous carbon atoms was done and a limit on the existence of such atoms was determined, $^{12}\tilde{\mathrm C}$ / $^{12}$C $< 2.5\times10^{-12}$. In the second work PEP was tested with the NEMO-2 detector and the limits on the violation of PEP for p-shell nucleons in $^{12}$C were obtained. Specifically, transitions to the fully occupied $1s_{1/2}$-shell yielded a limit of $4.2\times10^{24}$ y for the process with the emission of a $γ$-quantum. Similarly limits of $3.1\times10^{24}$ y for $β^-$ and $2.6\times10^{24}$ y for $β^+$ Pauli-forbidded transition of $^{12}$C $\to$ $^{12}\tilde{\mathrm N}$($^{12}\tilde{\mathrm B}$) are reported. In the third work it was assumed that PEP is violated for neutrinos, and thus, neutrinos obey at least partly the Bose-Einstein statistics. Consequences of the violation of the exclusion principle for double beta decays were considered. This violation strongly changes the rates of the decays and modifies the energy and angular distributions of the emitted electrons. It was shown that pure bosonic neutrinos are excluded by the present experimental data. In the case of partly bosonic neutrinos the analysis of the existing data allows one to put an upper bound for $sin^2χ< 0.6$. The sensitivity of future measurements is also evaluated.
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