数千只椋鸟的自组织复杂空中展示：一个模型
Self-organised complex aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model
摘要：
椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）在公共栖息地的空中展示是复杂的：成千上万的个体形成多个群体，不断改变形状和密度，同时分裂和合并。为了理解这些复杂的显示器，需要经验数据和模型。虽然最近通过视频记录和对数千只椋鸟进行立体摄影的位置测量收集了详细的经验数据，但目前还没有产生这些复杂模式的模型。然而，生物学中的许多计算机模型表明，单个移动动物群体的模式可能是通过运动和局部协调（通过吸引、对齐和避免碰撞）的自组织而出现的。在本文中，我们研究了这种方法是否可以扩展到生成类似于这些椋鸟的空中显示模式。我们表明，在一个模型中，以产生许多模式的经验测量在真正的八哥，我们必须扩展通常的规则，当地协调与具体的八哥行为，主要是1）他们的空中运动，2）低和恒定数量的相互作用的合作伙伴和3）以上的栖息地优先运动。我们的模型可以作为一种工具，这些显示器的研究，因为它提供了新的综合假说的机制，这些显示器和群集模式在生物系统中的一般。
英文摘要：
Aerial displays of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at their communal roosts are complex: thousands of individuals form multiple flocks which are continually changing shape and density, while splitting and merging. To understand these complex displays both empirical data and models are needed. Whereas detailed empirical data were recently collected through video recordings and position measurements by stereo photography of flocks of thousands of starlings, there are as yet no models that generate these complex patterns. Numerous computer models in biology, however, suggest that patterns of single groups of moving animals may emerge by self-organisation from movement and local coordination (through attraction, alignment and avoidance of collision). In this paper, we investigated whether this approach can be extended to generate patterns resembling these aerial displays of starlings. We show in a model that to generate many of the patterns measured empirically in real starlings we have to extend the usual rules of local coordination with specifics of starling behaviour, mainly 1) their aerial locomotion, 2) a low and constant number of interaction-partners and 3) preferential movement above a roosting area. Our model can be used as a tool for the study of these displays, because it provides new integrative hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying these displays and of swarming patterns in biological systems in general.
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