大型强子对撞机中铅离子超周边核碰撞的束流损失及其缓解
Beam losses from ultra-peripheral nuclear collisions between Pb ions in the Large Hadron Collider and their alleviation
摘要：
在欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机（LHC）上，碰撞重离子之间的电磁相互作用将引起局部束流损失，这可能会使超导磁体失超，除了对光度衰减有显著贡献之外。为了量化它们对对撞机操作的影响，我们使用了三步模拟方法，该方法包括光学跟踪、蒙特卡罗簇射模拟和磁体内部热流的热网络模型。我们目前的模拟结果的情况下，铅离子操作的LHC，重点是ALICE相互作用区域，并表明，预期的热负荷在标称铅操作是40%以上的淬火水平。这限制了可达到的最大亮度。此外，我们还讨论了监测损失的方法和减轻损失的可能途径。
英文摘要：
Electromagnetic interactions between colliding heavy ions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will give rise to localized beam losses that may quench superconducting magnets, apart from contributing significantly to the luminosity decay. To quantify their impact on the operation of the collider, we have used a three-step simulation approach, which consists of optical tracking, a Monte-Carlo shower simulation and a thermal network model of the heat flow inside a magnet. We present simulation results for the case of Pb ion operation in the LHC, with focus on the ALICE interaction region, and show that the expected heat load during nominal Pb operation is 40% above the quench level. This limits the maximum achievable luminosity. Furthermore, we discuss methods of monitoring the losses and possible ways to alleviate their effect.
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