纳米材料治理中缺失的环节：产业动态和下游政策
The missing link in nanomaterials governance: industrial dynamics and downstream policies
摘要：
在这篇文章中，我们探讨了扩大纳米材料治理的分析和政策影响，从关注风险监管到更广泛地关注创新治理。为此，我们分析了工业活动对纳米技术治理的影响，而以前的研究集中在风险评估，公众看法，公众参与，监管框架和相关政策。我们认为，纳米材料的工业动态的具体特点-应用和分布式创新的灵活性-创新治理有重要的影响，因为它们限制和使不同的干预措施，试图塑造技术。灵活性和分散性加剧了直接控制或塑造纳米材料创新方向的困难。特别是，公共政策杠杆作用的潜力受到创新场所多样性造成的自下而上的治理性质的阻碍。在这种情况下，我们认为，纳米材料治理的政策框架需要扩大。目前对上游政策举措的重视值得赞扬，但应辅之以更广泛的下游政策，如可再生能源采购或住房条例，以调整技术发展，实现社会理想的目标。
英文摘要：
In this article we explore the analytical and policy implications of widening the governance of nanomaterials from the focus on risk regulation to a broader focus on the governance of innovation. To do this, we have analysed the impact of industrial activities on nanotechnology governance, while previous studies have concentrated on risk appraisal, public perceptions, public engagement, regulatory frameworks and related policies. We argue that the specific characteristics of the industrial dynamics of nanomaterials - flexibility in applications and distributed innovation - have important implications for innovation governance as they limit and enable different interventions to attempt to shape technology. Flexibility and distributedness exacerbate the difficulties of directly controlling or shaping the directions of nanomaterials innovation. In particular, the potential for public policy leverage is hindered by the bottom-up nature of governance resulting from the multiplicity of innovation sites. Under these conditions, we argue that the framing of policies for nanomaterials governance needs to be broadened. The prevailing emphasis on policy initiatives upstream, while commendable, should be complemented with broader downstream policies, such as renewable energy procurement or regulations in housing, in order to modulate technological development towards socially desirable goals.
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