观测器“就绪”状态的信息内容和体系结构要求
Information contents and architectural requirements of observer "ready" states
摘要：
一个功能分析的任务，观察多个宏观量子系统在一个延长的时间，然后报告积累的结果，是用来调查的信息，必须编码的“就绪”状态|O^r>任何能够执行此任务的有限宏观观察者O。退相干的考虑表明，这个任务可以被认为是涉及局部观测经典条件下（LOCC），允许使用经典自动机理论来定义一个最小的观察员。它表明，这样一个最小的观察者必须实现一个功能架构相当于一个经典的图灵机，必须编码在|一套完整的可报告仪器状态的经典规范。观察任务，然后重新采用一个明确的模型，这样一个最小的观察者，它表明，外部系统有明确的边界对环境和假设的退相干的假设是不必要的表征由一个最小的观察者所作的测量。证明了极小观测器的观测量是正算子值测度（POVMs），并且极小观测器的观测结果符合玻恩定则.讨论了这种“无系统”的观测处理与传统上用于分析量子测量和量子通信的处理之间的基本物理假设的差异。
英文摘要：
A functional analysis of the task of observing multiple macroscopic quantum systems over an extended period of time and then reporting the accumulated results is used to investigate the information that must be encoded in the "ready" state |O^r> of any finite, macroscopic observer O capable of performing this task. Decoherence considerations show that this task can be considered as involving local observations under classical conditions (LOCC), allowing the use of classical automata theory to define a minimal observer. It is shown that such a minimal observer must implement a functional architecture equivalent to a classical Turing machine and must encode in |O^r> a classical specification of the complete set of reportable apparatus states. The observation task is then re-characterized employing an explicit model of such a minimal observer, and it is shown that both the assumption that external systems have well-defined boundaries against the environment and the assumption of decoherence are unnecessary for the characterization of measurements made by a minimal observer. It is shown that the observables available to a minimal observer are positive operator-valued measures (POVMs) and that the measurement results reported by a minimal observer comply with the Born rule. The differences in underlying physical assumptions between this "systems-free" treatment of observation and that traditionally employed in analyses of quantum measurement and quantum communication are discussed.
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