超大质量黑洞的人口统计学：在银河系中心不断增长的怪物
The Demography of Super-Massive Black Holes: Growing Monsters at the Heart of Galaxies
摘要：
超大质量黑洞（BH）似乎是无处不在的所有星系的中心，已被观察到在足够高的灵敏度和分辨率的哈勃太空望远镜。它们的质量被发现与其宿主星系的质量和速度色散密切相关。另一方面，黑洞被广泛认为是类星体和活动星系核（AGN）的中心引擎。然而，目前还不清楚BHs是如何生长的，以及它们是否与宿主共同进化。在这篇评论中，我将讨论如何，在独立的特定模型的方式，约束的生长历史的BH和他们的宿主星系已被设置匹配的统计本地BH的发射率，数密度和集群属性的活动星系在不同的宇宙学时代。我还提出了一些新的结果，通过一种新的数值代码，发展的BH质量函数和集群采用广泛的分布爱丁顿比。最后，我在更广泛的宇宙学背景下回顾BH演化，将BH生长与星系演化联系起来。
英文摘要：
Supermassive black holes (BHs) appear to be ubiquitous at the center of all galaxies which have been observed at high enough sensitivities and resolution with the Hubble Space Telescope. Their masses are found to be tightly linked with the masses and velocity dispersions of their host galaxies. On the other hand, BHs are widely held to constitute the central engines of quasars and active galactic nuclei (AGN) in general. It is however still unclear how BHs have grown, and whether they have co-evolved with their hosts. In this Review I discuss how, in ways independent of specific models, constraints on the growth history of BHs and their host galaxies have been set by matching the statistics of local BHs to the emissivity, number density, and clustering properties of AGNs at different cosmological epochs. I also present some new results obtained through a novel numerical code which evolves the BH mass function and clustering adopting broad distributions of Eddington ratios. I finally review BH evolution in a wider cosmological context, connecting BH growth to galaxy evolution.
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