Blazars are among the most energetic and violent objects in the universe. By observing blazars at very high energies (VHE, E > 100 GeV) we can better understand blazar emission mechanisms, jet structure, black hole accretion and the extragalactic background light (EBL). VERITAS, an array of four 12-meter diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes, performs VHE studies of blazars through intense monitoring and discovery campaigns. Most blazars known to emit VHE gamma rays are high-frequency-peaked BL Lacertae (HBL) objects, and VERITAS has discovered VHE emission from two of these: 1ES 0806+524 and RGB J0710+591. VERITAS has also discovered VHE gamma rays from two intermediate-frequency-peaked BL Lacertae (IBL) objects: W Com and 3C 66A. The expansion of the VHE catalog to include IBL objects enables a better understanding of the AGN population as a whole. This contribution presents recent results from the VERITAS blazar discovery program.
Discovery of Variability in the Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Emission of 1ES 1218+304 with VERITAS
我们介绍了2008/2009年对高频率峰值BL Lac天体1 ES 1218+304进行密集VERITAS监测活动的结果。虽然1 ES 1218+304之前被MAGIC和VERITAS探测到的持续水平约为蟹状星云通量的6%,但新的VERITAS数据显示,一个突出的耀斑达到蟹状星云通量的20%。虽然甚高能量(VHE)耀斑在许多附近的耀变体中相当常见,但1 ES 1218+304(红移z = 0.182)的情况特别有趣,因为它属于一组耀变体,考虑到它们的红移,它们表现出异常坚硬的VHE光谱。当校正测量的光谱吸收河外背景光,1 ES 1218+304和其他一些耀变体被发现有差分光子指数小于1.5。在blazar喷流中模拟这些硬光谱能量分布的困难导致了一系列理论上的伽马射线发射场景,其中之一受到这些新的VERITAS观测的强烈约束。我们认为1 ES 1218+304,它显示了一天尺度的流量变化,在相对论射流冲击加速的情况下,特别是千秒级喷气排放情景的可行性所观察到的光变曲线的影响。
Highlights from the Whipple 10-m Blazar Monitoring Program
已知大约有25颗耀变体发射VHE(E>100 GeV)伽马射线。了解这些强大的物体需要长期、密集的监测观测,因为它们在整个电磁波谱中表现出强烈、快速和不规则的变化。惠普尔10米伽马射线望远镜是世界上第四灵敏的甚高频望远镜,主要用于在甚高频波段进行这种监测。10米的监测计划特别关注Mrk 421、Mrk 501、H 1426+428、1 ES 1959+650和1 ES 2344+514,每个无月的夜晚都进行观测,每个源都是可见的。一旦检测到耀斑,就会向VERITAS和天文学界发出警报,以触发ToO观测,就像2008年Mrk 421有史以来最明亮的VHE耀斑之一一样。除了耀斑警报之外,10-m计划还用于创建长期光变曲线,具有前所未有的VHE采样,可以与其他多频率观测相结合,以更好地了解耀变体。将介绍最近惠普尔10米blazar计划的亮点。