竞争中的有效领导
Effective leadership in competition
摘要：
在自然界的生物群体乃至群体性的社会活动中，当追随者的集体行为已经被某一领导群体的运动方向或观点所支配时，后起的领导者似乎很难扭转大众追随者的取向，尤其是当他们处于数量上的少数时。这封信报告了一个违反直觉的现象，即追随后来者少数人，前提是后来者服从一个有利的分配模式，使他们能够在给定的时间内将自己的影响力传播给尽可能多的追随者，并积累足够的权力来管理这些追随者。我们引入了一个判别指数来量化竞争领导下整个群体的取向，这有助于设计一个经济的方式，少数后来居上的领导人击败占主导地位的多数领导人只通过优化其分布格局。我们的研究为生物系统中的有效领导提供了新的见解，对社会和工业应用具有重要意义。
英文摘要：
Among natural biological flocks/swarms or even mass social activities, when the collective behaviors of the followers has been dominated by the moving direction or opinion of one leader group, it seems very difficult for later-coming leaders to reverse the orientation of the mass followers, especially when they are in quantitative minority. This Letter reports a counter-intuitive phenomenon, Following the Later-coming Minority, provided that the late-comers obey a favorable distribution pattern which enables them to spread their influence to as many followers as possible in a given time and to accumulate enough power to govern these followers. We introduce a discriminant index to quantify the whole group's orientation under competing leadership, which helps to design an economic way for the minority later-coming leaders to defeat the dominating majority leaders solely by optimizing their distribution pattern. Our investigation provides new insights into the effective leadership in biological systems, with meaningful implication to social and industrial applications.
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