敦煌中国的天空：已知最古老的星图的综合研究
The Dunhuang chinese sky: a comprehensive study of the oldest known star atlas
摘要：
1907年，考古学家Aurel Stein在丝绸之路重镇敦煌发现了一份中世纪中国手稿（Or.8210/S.3326），现藏于大英图书馆。虽然中国学者对此进行了部分研究，但在西方世界从未得到充分的展示和讨论。这套星图（12小时角的准圆柱投影图和一幅环极角的方位投影图）展示了北半球可见的完整天空，是迄今为止保存最完整的文明星图。这也是第一个已知的中国星座的准整体图形表示。本文描述了物理对象的历史-一卷用墨水绘制的薄纸。我们分析了每张地图的恒星内容（1339颗恒星，257颗恒星）和与地图相关的文本。我们建立的精度与地图绘制（1.5至4度的最亮的恒星），并检查所使用的投影类型。我们的结论是，精确的数学方法被用来制作地图集。我们还讨论了手稿的年代及其可能的作者，并确认日期649-684（初唐）是最可能的基础上现有的证据。这与之前估计的+940左右有差异。最后，我们提出了一个简短的比较与后来的天空地图，无论是在中国和欧洲。
英文摘要：
This paper presents an analysis of the star atlas included in the medieval Chinese manuscript (Or.8210/S.3326), discovered in 1907 by the archaeologist Aurel Stein at the Silk Road town of Dunhuang and now held in the British Library. Although partially studied by a few Chinese scholars, it has never been fully displayed and discussed in the Western world. This set of sky maps (12 hour angle maps in quasi-cylindrical projection and a circumpolar map in azimuthal projection), displaying the full sky visible from the Northern hemisphere, is up to now the oldest complete preserved star atlas from any civilisation. It is also the first known pictorial representation of the quasi-totality of the Chinese constellations. This paper describes the history of the physical object - a roll of thin paper drawn with ink. We analyse the stellar content of each map (1339 stars, 257 asterisms) and the texts associated with the maps. We establish the precision with which the maps are drawn (1.5 to 4 degrees for the brightest stars) and examine the type of projections used. We conclude that precise mathematical methods were used to produce the atlas. We also discuss the dating of the manuscript and its possible author and confirm the dates 649-684 (early Tang dynasty) as most probable based on available evidence. This is at variance with a prior estimate around +940. Finally we present a brief comparison with later sky maps, both in China and in Europe.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
