所有关于Homunculus
All Things Homunculus
摘要：
船底座伊塔周围的“侏儒”星云是我们了解最大质量恒星中偶发性超新星前质量损失的极端性质的最有价值的工具之一，也许比历史上的光变曲线更有价值。作为一个仍处于自由膨胀状态的年轻星云，它带有喷射物理学的印记，使其成为理解天体物理学中常见的双极质量损失的原型。该星云的高质量和动能提供了一个发人深省的例子，说明在爱丁顿极限附近的大质量恒星中恒星爆发的极端性质。历史上的喷射事件被观察到，并且由于其在所有波长下的令人印象深刻的通量，电流参数很容易测量，因此Homunculus也是研究快速尘埃形成和分子化学，不寻常的ISM丰度和致密气体光谱学的独特实验室。由于它相对较近且明亮，并且正在迅速膨胀，因此可以准确测量其3D几何形状、运动学和详细结构，从而为创建这些结构的物理学提供异常良好的定量约束。在本章中，我回顾了最近对侏儒星云的观测和理论研究的历史，并对我们目前的理解以及需要工作的领域进行了最新的总结。
英文摘要：
The ``Homunculus'' nebula around Eta Carinae is one of our most valuable tools for understanding the extreme nature of episodic pre-supernova mass loss in the most massive stars, perhaps even more valuable than the historical light curve of eta Car. As a young nebula that is still in free expansion, it bears the imprint of its ejection physics, making it a prototype for understanding the bipolar mass loss that is so common in astrophysics. The high mass and kinetic energy of the nebula provide a sobering example of the extreme nature of stellar eruptions in massive stars near the Eddington limit. The historical ejection event was observed, and current parameters are easily measured due to its impressive flux at all wavelengths, so the Homunculus is also a unique laboratory for studying rapid dust formation and molecular chemistry, unusual ISM abundances, and spectroscopy of dense gas. Since it is relatively nearby and bright and is expanding rapidly, its 3-D geometry, kinematics, and detailed structure can be measured accurately, providing unusually good quantitative constraints on the physics that created these structures. In this chapter I review the considerable recent history of observational and theoretical study of the Homunculus nebula, and I provide an up-to-date summary of our current understanding, as well as areas that need work.
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