异构网络中的上行互易性
Upstream reciprocity in heterogeneous networks
摘要：
社会困境情境中利他行为的产生和维持机制已经被提出。间接互惠就是这样一种机制，其中一个玩家的关于他人的行为最终会得到其他玩家的奖励，而这些玩家与原始玩家没有互动。上游互惠（也称为广义间接互惠）是间接互惠的一种，代表的概念是那些得到某人帮助的人将帮助其他未指定的参与者。尽管有证据表明，在大鼠和人类中，上游互惠行为会增强帮助行为，但对这种机制的理论支持并不强。在本研究中，我们数值研究了异质接触网络中的上游互惠性，其中玩家通常具有不同数量的邻居。我们发现，异构网络大大提高了上游互惠的游戏中的合作。在异构网络中，最慷慨的策略，即一个参与者帮助一个被帮助的邻居，并发起帮助行为，首先占据网络中的枢纽，然后传播给其他参与者。实现增强利他主义的场景类似于异构网络中囚徒困境游戏的情况。
英文摘要：
Many mechanisms for the emergence and maintenance of altruistic behavior in social dilemma situations have been proposed. Indirect reciprocity is one such mechanism, where other-regarding actions of a player are eventually rewarded by other players with whom the original player has not interacted. The upstream reciprocity (also called generalized indirect reciprocity) is a type of indirect reciprocity and represents the concept that those helped by somebody will help other unspecified players. In spite of the evidence for the enhancement of helping behavior by upstream reciprocity in rats and humans, theoretical support for this mechanism is not strong. In the present study, we numerically investigate upstream reciprocity in heterogeneous contact networks, in which the players generally have different number of neighbors. We show that heterogeneous networks considerably enhance cooperation in a game of upstream reciprocity. In heterogeneous networks, the most generous strategy, by which a player helps a neighbor on being helped and in addition initiates helping behavior, first occupies hubs in a network and then disseminates to other players. The scenario to achieve enhanced altruism resembles that seen in the case of the Prisoner's Dilemma game in heterogeneous networks.
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