雪球地球滞后实验的热力学分析：效率、熵产生和不可逆性
Thermodynamic Analysis of Snowball Earth Hysteresis Experiment: Efficiency, Entropy Production, and Irreversibility
摘要：
我们提出了一个广泛的热力学分析的滞后实验上进行了简化，但类似地球的气候模式。我们慢慢地改变太阳常数的20%左右的当前值，并检测到大量的双稳态：对于一个大范围的值，实现雪球（SB）或温暖（W）的气候条件取决于系统的历史。利用全球气候热力学的最新结果，我们表明，这两个制度的功能根本不同的属性。在W气候条件下，气候机的效率随着太阳常数的减小而增加，而在SB气候条件下则相反。相反，熵产生在两个分支的气候条件下都随着太阳常数的增加而增加，其值在W分支中大约是对应的C状态中的4倍。最后，在W条件下，系统的不可逆性程度要高得多，在所考虑的太阳常数值的上限范围内爆炸性增长。而在SB制度中的主导作用是发挥变化的纬向水汽对比度，在W气候制度的变化，潜热通量的强度是至关重要的，以确定所观察到的属性。这证明了正确处理气候变化中水文循环变化的重要性。根据宏观尺度的热力学性质，还提出了一个解释的过渡区的边界处。我们的研究结果支持采用新一代的诊断工具的基础上，第二定律的热力学审计气候模式，并概述了一套参数化的概念和中间复杂性模型或重建过去的气候条件。
英文摘要：
We present an extensive thermodynamic analysis of a hysteresis experiment performed on a simplified yet Earth-like climate model. We slowly vary the solar constant by 20% around the present value and detect a substantial bistability: for a large range of values the realization of snowball (SB) or of warm (W) climate conditions depend on the history of the system. Using recent results on the global climate thermodynamics, we show that that the two regimes feature radically different properties. The efficiency of the climate machine increases with decreasing solar constant in W climate conditions, whereas the opposite takes place in the SB regime. Instead, entropy production is increasing with the solar constant in both branches of climate conditions, and its value is about 4 times as large in the W branch than in the corresponding C state. Finally, the degree of irreversibility of the system is much higher in the W conditions, with an explosive growth in the upper range of the considered values of solar constants. Whereas in the SB regime a dominating role is played by changes in the meridional albedo contrast, in the W climate regime changes in the intensity of latent heat fluxes are crucial for determining the observed properties. This substantiates the importance of addressing correctly the variations of the hydrological cycle in a changing climate. An interpretation of the transitions at the boundary of the bistable region based upon macro-scale thermodynamic properties is also proposed. Our results support the adoption of a new generation of diagnostic tools based on the 2nd law of thermodynamics for auditing climate model and outline a set of parameterizations to be used in conceptual and intermediate complexity models or for the reconstruction of the past climate conditions.
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