薛定谔的猫遇到奥卡姆剃刀
Schrödinger's cat meets Occam's razor
摘要：
我们讨论了V. P. Belavkin（2007）对薛定谔猫问题的方法，并展示了它与N. P. Landsman（1995）基于超选择和与环境相互作用的思想的密切关系。本文的目的是在尽可能简单的背景下解释这些想法，即：离散时间和可分离的希尔伯特空间，以使它们能够被那些来自科学哲学的人所理解，而不是太喜欢特殊的符号和术语以及复杂的数学工具。传统的量子力学初等数学描述把“测量”作为一个原始概念。当我们选择将更小或更大的系统作为测量设备时，通过对“海森堡切割”的位置进行不同的和明显任意的选择，就会出现悖论。不同的量子解释有不同的解决方案的悖论。在Belavkin的方法中，我们周围的经典世界确实存在，并且根据玻恩定律的连续应用所遵循的概率定律，它在时间上随机动态地演化。这是一个坍缩理论，而且必然是非局部的。量子/经典的区别是由时间箭头决定的。宇宙波函数的基本幺正演化使得能够指定一个随着时间演化而增长的beable集合，因此可以指定随机的经典轨迹。一句口号：过去是粒子，未来是波浪。我们生活在现在，处于过去和未来之间的最前沿。
英文摘要：
We discuss V.P. Belavkin's (2007) approach to the Schrödinger cat problem and show its close relation to ideas based on superselection and interaction with the environment developed by N.P. Landsman (1995). The purpose of the paper is to explain these ideas in the most simple possible context, namely: discrete time and separable Hilbert spaces, in order to make them accessible to those coming from the philosophy of science and not too happy with idiosyncratic notation and terminology and sophisticated mathematical tools. Conventional elementary mathematical descriptions of quantum mechanics take "measurement" to be a primitive concept. Paradoxes arise when we choose to consider smaller or larger systems as measurement devices in their own right, by making different and apparently arbitrary choices of location of the "Heisenberg cut". Various quantum interpretations have different resolutions of the paradox. In Belavkin's approach, the classical world around us does really exist, and it evolves stochastically and dynamically in time according to probability laws following from successive applications of the Born law. It is a collapse theory, and necessarily it is non-local. The quantum/classical distinction is determined by the arrow of time. The underlying unitary evolution of the wave-function of the universe enables the designation of a collection of beables which grows as time evolves, and which therefore can be assigned random, classical trajectories. In a slogan: the past is particles, the future is a wave. We, living in the now, are located on the cutting edge between past and future.
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