二维电子气中的量子全息编码
Quantum Holographic Encoding in a Two-dimensional Electron Gas
摘要：
自下而上的原子操作的出现预示着可达到的信息密度的新视野，因为它允许一位信息由单个原子表示。因此，凝聚态物质中原子之间的离散间距对最大可能的信息密度设定了严格的限制。虽然现代技术离这个尺度还很远，但所有理论上的设备缩小都在这个空间极限处终止。然而，在这里，我们打破了这个障碍，电子量子编码缩放到亚原子密度。我们使用原子操作首先构建开放的纳米结构-“分子全息图”-这反过来又将信息集中到一个没有晶格约束的介质中：二维简并电子费米气体的量子态。嵌入全息图中的信息以更小的长度尺度被转码到铜表面的原子均匀区域中，在那里它被密集地投射到两个空间自由度和映射到能量的第三个全息维度中。与光学体积全息术类似，这需要电子波函数的精确振幅和相位工程来体积地组装信息页。通过用扫描隧道显微镜绘制能量分辨的电子态密度来读出这些数据。由于投影和读出都是极近场的，并且由于我们使用原生量子态而不是外部光束，因此我们不受透镜或准直的限制，并且可以创建具有小至约0.3 nm的特征的电子投影对象。这些技术达到了前所未有的密度超过20位/纳米2，并将数十位放入单个费米子状态。
英文摘要：
The advent of bottom-up atomic manipulation heralded a new horizon for attainable information density, as it allowed a bit of information to be represented by a single atom. The discrete spacing between atoms in condensed matter has thus set a rigid limit on the maximum possible information density. While modern technologies are still far from this scale, all theoretical downscaling of devices terminates at this spatial limit. Here, however, we break this barrier with electronic quantum encoding scaled to subatomic densities. We use atomic manipulation to first construct open nanostructures--"molecular holograms"--which in turn concentrate information into a medium free of lattice constraints: the quantum states of a two-dimensional degenerate Fermi gas of electrons. The information embedded in the holograms is transcoded at even smaller length scales into an atomically uniform area of a copper surface, where it is densely projected into both two spatial degrees of freedom and a third holographic dimension mapped to energy. In analogy to optical volume holography, this requires precise amplitude and phase engineering of electron wavefunctions to assemble pages of information volumetrically. This data is read out by mapping the energy-resolved electron density of states with a scanning tunnelling microscope. As the projection and readout are both extremely near-field, and because we use native quantum states rather than an external beam, we are not limited by lensing or collimation and can create electronically projected objects with features as small as ~0.3 nm. These techniques reach unprecedented densities exceeding 20 bits/nm2 and place tens of bits into a single fermionic state.
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