Exclusive pi0 electroproduction from nucleons at large photon virtuality can be described in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions, particularly the chiral odd subset. Chiral odd GPDs are related to transversity and can be accessed experimentally for various special choices of observables. This is accomplished by choosing C-parity odd and chiral odd combinations of t-channel exchange quantum numbers. These GPDs are calculated in a spectator model, and are constrained by boundary functions. Alternatively, the production amplitudes correspond to C-odd Regge exchanges with final state interactions. The helicity structure of the virtual photoproduction amplitudes provides relations between the partonic description via GPDs and the hadronic, Regge description of C-odd processes, all via quark helicity flip. GPDs, in general, are analytic functions of energy variables. Their integrals over unobservable parton momenta thereby satisfy Dispersion Relations (DR). Using DR's could allow the real part of the amplitudes, the integrated GPDs, to be extracted from the more easily measured imaginary parts. However, at non-zero momentum transfer DRs require integration over unphysical regions of the variables. We show that the relevant unphysical region of the non-forward DRs is considerable. This will vitiate the efforts to avoid the actual measurement of the real parts more directly.
We discuss the interpretation of the $ep\to epρ^0$ process in terms of, on the one hand, Generalized Parton Distributions and, on the other hand, an effective hadronic model based on Regge theory.
We analyze light meson electroproduction in the intermediate energy range where the quark contributions are essential. Our calculations are carried out on the basis of the handbag approach. We study cross sections and spin asymmetries for various vector and pseudoscalar mesons. Our results are in good agrement with COMPASS and HERMES experiments.
We analyze the electroproduction of pseudoscalar mesons within the handbag approach. To investigate these reactions, we consider the leading-twist contribution together with the transversity twist-3 effects that are crucial in the description of experimental data. Our results on the cross section are in agreement with experiment. We present our predictions for spin observables.
Electroproduction of two mesons well separated in rapidity allows the first feasible selective access to chiral-odd transversity GPDs provided one of these mesons is a transversely polarized vector meson rho_T.
Exclusive meson leptoproduction from nucleons in the deeply virtual exchanged boson limit can be described by generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Including spin dependence in the description requires 8 independent quark-parton and gluon-parton functions. The chiral even subset of 4 quark-nucleon GPDs are related to nucleon form factors and to parton distribution functions. The chiral odd set of 4 quark-nucleon GPDs are related to transversity, the tensor charge, and other quantities related to transversity. Different meson or photon production processes access different combinations of GP…
We investigate exclusive electroproduction of $π^-Δ^{++}$ within the handbag approach in which the helicity amplitudes factorize into generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and hard partonic subprocesses. We define the $p-Δ$ transversity GPDs while the helicity non-flip GPDs are taken from the literature. For the numerical estimates of observables we utilize large-$N_C$ results in order to relate a few of the $p-Δ$ GPDs to the proton-proton ones and neglect all other GPDs. In the calculation of the twist-2 and twist-3 subprocess amplitudes we take into account quark transverse momenta in comb…
A possibility to study Regge and factorized parameterizations of generalized parton distributions in hard electroproduction of $ρ^0$ on the proton is considered. For that the dependences of the differential cross sections on the transferred momentum for these parameterizations are compared.
Exclusive $π^0$ electroproduction from nucleons at large $Q^2$ can be described by Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs), particularly the chiral odd subset related to transversity. These GPDs can be accessed experimentally from various cross sections and asymmetries. We calculate these GPDs in a spectator model, constrained by boundary functions. Alternatively, in a hadronic picture the meson production amplitudes correspond to C-odd Regge exchanges with final state interactions. The helicity structure provides relations between the partonic and the hadronic, Regge description of C-odd, chi…
It is reported on an analysis of electroproduction of light mesons at small Bjorken-x within the handbag approach. The partonic subprocesses, meson electroproduction off quarks or gluons, are calculated within the modified perturbative approach in which quark transverse momenta are retained. The soft hadronic matrix elements, generalized parton distributions, are constructed by means of double distributions. The constraints from parton distributions and sum rules are taken into account. Various moments of these generalized parton distributions are compared to recent results from lattice gauge …
Transversity generalized parton distributions (GPDs) can be probed in diffractive electro- and photoproduction of two vector mesons on a hadron in kinematics where the two vector mesons are separated by a large rapidity gap. We report on calculations for this process in the case of coherent $ρ^0-ω$ meson production on a deuteron target. Our cross section results show that an electron-ion collider with deuteron beams and forward detectors could probe deuteron transversity GPDs.
The proton, neutron and deuteron structure functions $F_2(x,Q^2)$ and $g_1(x,Q^2)$, measured at intermediate $Q^2$, are analyzed within a Regge approach. This analysis serves to fix the parameters of this scheme which are then used to calculate, in a unified Regge approach, the properties of $ρ^0$ meson electroproduction on the proton and the deuteron. In this way, the double-spin asymmetry observed at HERMES in $ρ^0$ electroproduction on the proton, can be related to the anomalous behavior of the flavor-singlet part of the spin-dependent structure function $g_1(x,Q^2)$ at small $x$.
We analyze light meson electroproduction within the handbag model. We study cross sections and spin asymmetries for various mesons. The essential role of the transversity $\tilde H_T$ and $\tilde E_T$ GPDs in electroproduction of pseudoscalar mesons is found. Our results are in good agrement with experiment.
We outline in detail the properties of generalized parton distributions (GPDs), which contain new information on the structure of the nucleon and which enter the description of hard exclusive reactions. We highlight the physics content of the GPDs and discuss the quark GPDs in the large $N_c$ limit and within the context of the chiral quark-soliton model. Guided by this physics, we then present a general parametrization for these GPDs. Subsequently we discuss how these GPDs enter in a wide variety of hard electroproduction processes and how they can be accessed from them. We consider in detail…
Light meson electroproduction is analyzed on the basis of the handbag approach. Our results on the cross section and spin effects are in good agrement with experiments at HERA, COMPASS and HERMES energies. Predictions for $A_{UT}$ asymmetry for various reactions are presented.
An analysis of light vector meson photoproduction at small Bjorken $x \leq 0.2$ is done on the basis of the generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Our results on the cross section and spin density matrix elements (SDME) are in good agreement with experiments.
We introduce a classification scheme for parton distribution models and we model generalized parton distributions (GPDs), their form factors, and parton distribution functions (PDFs), integrated and unintegrated ones, in terms of unintegrated double distributions that are obtained from the parton number conserved overlap of effective light-front wave functions. For a so-called "spherical" model we present general expressions for all twist-two related non-perturbative quantities in terms of one effective light-front wave function, including chiral-odd GPDs. We also discuss the Regge improvement…
Probing GPDs in exclusive electroproduction of dijets
Doctoral School, Institute of Physical Sciences, University of Rzeszów（热舒夫大学物理科学学院博士学院）；Institute of Physical Sciences, University of Rzeszów（热舒夫大学物理科学学院）；Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences（波兰科学院核物理研究所）
We study light vector meson electroproduction at small $x$ within the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) model. The modified perturbative approach is used, where the quark transverse degrees of freedom in the vector meson wave function and hard subprocess are considered. Our results on the cross section and spin observables are in good agreement with experiment
Based on Regge-inspired arguments and counting rules, we formulate empirical models for zero-skewness generalized parton distributions (GPDs) ${\widetilde H}^{(3)}$ and ${\widetilde E}^{(3)}$ in the iso-vector sector. If a hypothetical $a_1/ρ_2$ master trajectory is taken into account, we find that the polarized deep inelastic structure function $g_1^{(3)}$, axial-vector form factor, pseudoscalar form factor, and lattice data are well described. Thereby, we use a symmetric valence scenario in which the `spin puzzle' in the iso-vector sector is trivially resolved. Utilizing a minimalist `hologr…
We summarize the physics topics which can be addressed by measurements of high-Q^2 exclusive electroproduction of strange mesons, gamma* N -> phi N, K* Lambda, K Lambda, K Sigma, at Jefferson Lab with 11 GeV beam energy. The proposed investigations are aimed both at exploring the reaction mechanism (dominance of point-like configurations) and extracting information about baryon structure from the data (generalized parton distributions, or GPDs). They include (a) probing the t-dependence of the nucleon's gluon GPD (transverse spatial distribution of gluons) in phi meson production; (b) separati…
Electroproduction of $π^+$ above the resonance region is analyzed in the Regge model for $π+ρ$ exchanges. Importance of the roles of pion and proton form factors in the process is discussed in comparison with existing models of Kaskulov and Mosel, and of Vrancx and Rychebusch. It is shown that the present model with proton form factor of a simple dipole-type yields a better description of DESY and JLab data over those models for high $Q^2$ and $-t$ region up to 5 GeV$^2$.
Our original suggestion to investigate exclusive $π^0$ electroproduction as a method for extracting the tensor charge, transversity, and other quantities related to chiral odd generalized parton distributions from cross section and asymmetry data is reviewed. We explain some of the details of the process: {\it i)} the connection between the helicity description and the cartesian basis; {\it ii)} the dependence on the momentum transfer squared, $Q^2$, and {\it iii)} the angular momentum, parity, and charge conjugation constraints ($J^{PC}$ quantum numbers).
We study the flavor structure of the nucleon's chiral-odd generalized parton distributions (transversity GPDs) in the large-N_c limit of QCD. It is found that in the distributions H_T and E_T-tilde the flavor-nonsinglet component u - d is leading in the 1/N_c expansion, while in E_T and H_T-tilde it is the flavor-singlet component u + d. This pattern is consistent with the flavor structure extracted from hard exclusive pi^0 and eta electroproduction data, assuming that the processes are dominated by the twist-3 mechanism involving the chiral-odd pseudoscalar meson distribution amplitudes.
Electroproduction of two vector mesons with a large rapidity gap between them provides the first feasible selective access to chiral-odd GPDs. The scattering amplitude of the process $ γ^* N \to ρ_L^0 ρ_T^+ N'$ may be represented as a convolution of an impact factor describing the $γ^* \to ρ_L^0$ transition and an amplitude describing the $N\to ρ_T^+ N'$ transition, analogously to deeply exclusive electroproduction of a meson, the virtual photon being replaced by a Pomeron. The production of a transversely polarized vector meson $ρ_T^+$ selects a chiral-odd GPD in the proton.
Exclusive pi0 electroproduction from nucleons can be related to transversity, the tensor charge, and other quantities related to transversity. This process isolates C-parity odd and chiral odd combinations of t-channel exchange quantum numbers. In a hadronic picture the meson production amplitudes for intermediate energy and Q are determined by C-odd Regge exchanges with final state interactions. The helicity structure for this C-odd process relates to the quark helicity flip, or chiral odd generalized parton distributions (GPDs).Various cross sections and asymmetries will be sensitive to the …
In this talk it is reported on an analysis of hard exclusive pion electroproduction within the handbag approach. Particular emphasis is laid on single-spin asymmetries. It is argued that a recent HERMES measurement of asymmetries measured with a transversely polarized target clearly indicate the occurrence of strong contributions from transversely polarized photons. Within the handbag approach such gamma_T --> pion transitions are described by the transversity GPDs accompanied by a twist-3 pion wave function. It is shown that this approach leads to results on cross sections and single-spin asy…
We analyze light meson electroproduction within the handbag model, where the amplitude factorizes into Generelized Parton Distributions (GPDs) and a hard scattering part. The cross sections and spin asymmetries for various vector and pseudoscalar mesons are analyzed. We discuss what information on hadron structure can be obtained from GPDs.
Exclusive $π^o$ electroproduction and related processes are suggested to investigate the chiral odd transversity distributions of quarks in the transversely polarized nucleon, $h_1(x)$, and its first moment, the tensor charge. The connection between a description based on partonic degrees of freedom, given in terms of generalized parton distributions, and Regge phenomenology is explored.
We report on the status of the phenomenological access of generalized parton distributions from photon and meson electroproduction off proton. Thereby, we emphasize the role of HERMES data for deeply virtual Compton scattering, which allows us to map various asymmetries into the space of Compton form factors.
We discuss the recent data of exclusive $π^0$ (and $π^+$) electroproduction on the proton obtained by the CLAS collaboration at Jefferson Lab. It is observed that the cross sections, which have been decomposed in $σ_T +εσ_L$, $σ_{TT}$ and $σ_{LT}$ structure functions, are dominated by transverse amplitude contributions. The data can be interpreted in the Generalized Parton Distribution formalism provided that one includes helicity-flip transversity GPDs.
Gluon GTMDs in the exclusive electroproduction of heavy-quark pairs
Università di Cagliari（卡利亚里大学）；INFN, Sezione di Cagliari（意大利国家核物理研究所，卡利亚里分部）；Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学范斯温德恩粒子物理与引力研究所）
We study the spin-flavor structure of the nucleon's chiral-odd generalized parton distributions (transversity GPDs) in the large-N_c limit of QCD. In contrast to the chiral-even case, only three combinations of the four chiral-odd GPDs are non-zero in the leading order of the 1/N_c expansion: E_T-bar = E_T + 2 H_T-tilde, H_T and E_T-tilde. The degeneracy is explained by the absence of spin-orbit interactions correlating the transverse momentum transfer with the transverse quark spin. It can also be deduced from the natural N_c-scaling of the quark-nucleon helicity amplitudes associated with th…
The processes of exclusive photo- and electroproduction of vector mesons $ρ^0$(770), $ϕ$(1020) and $J/ψ$(3096) at collision energies $30 GeV<W<300 GeV$ and transferred momenta squared $0<-t<2 GeV^2$ are considered in the framework of a phenomenological Regge-eikonal scheme with nonlinear Regge trajectories in which their QCD asymptotic behavior is taken into account explicitly. By comparison of available experimental data from ZEUS and H1 Collaborations with the model predictions it is demonstrated that corresponding angular distributions and integrated cross-sections in the above-mentioned ki…
We examine the relation between amplitudes measured in exclusive lepto-production and the quark content of the nucleon. We show that in the limit of high energy and small t, the natural interpretation of amplitudes measured in these hard exclusive processes is in terms of the quark content of the meson cloud and not the target itself. In this regime, Regge amplitudes will make a significant contribution to these exclusive amplitudes. This leads to violation of QCD scaling.
A simple and elegant model, based on Reggeized t-channel exchanges is succesful in reproducing the main features of all existing data of the reactions ep->eKLambda and ep->eKSigma. In particular, the original way gauge invariance is taken into account is found to be essential to describe the ratio between the Coulomb and the Transverse cross-sections at large Q2 that has been measured recently at JLab.
The diffractive electro- or photo-production of two mesons separated by a large rapidity gap gives access to generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in a very specific way. First, these reactions allow to easily access the chiral-odd transversity quark GPDs by selecting one of the produced vector meson to be transversely polarized. Second, they are only sensitive to the so-called ERBL region where GPDs are not much constrained by forward quark distributions. Third, the skewness parameter $ξ$ is not related to the Bjorken $x_\text{Bj}$ variable, but to the size of the rapidity gap. We analyze d…
We discuss the links between Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) and elastic nucleon form factors. These links, in the form of sum rules, represent powerful constraints on parametrizations of GPDs. A Regge parametrization for GPDs at small momentum transfer, is extended to the large momentum transfer region and it is found to describe the basic features of proton and neutron electromagnetic form factor data. This parametrization is used to estimate the quark contribution to the nucleon spin.
The wide-angle photo- and electroproduction of pions is investigated within the handbag mechanism in which the $γ^{(*)} N\to πN'$ amplitudes factorize into subprocess amplitudes,$γ^{(*)} q\to πq'$, and form factors representing $1/x$-moments of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). The subprocess is calculated to twist-3 accuracy taking into account both the 2- and 3-body Fock components of the pion. The cross-sections are compared to experiment and spin-effects are discussed.
The exclusive $π^0$ electroproduction is analyzed within the handbag approach based on Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) factorization. We consider the leading-twist contribution together with the transversity effects. It is shown that the transversity, $H_T$ and $\bar E_T$ GPDs are essential in the description of $π^0$ cross section. Predictions for future Electron-Ion Collider of China (EicC) energy range are done. It is found that transversity dominance $σ_T\ggσ_L$, observed at low energies is valid up to EicC energy range.
In view of the numerous experimental results recently released, we provide in this letter an update on the performance of our simple Regge model for strangeness electroproduction on the nucleon. Without refitting any parameters, a decent description of all measured observables and channels is achieved. We also give predictions for spin transfer observables, recently measured at Jefferson Lab which have high sensitivity to discriminate between different theoretical approaches.
We develop the minimal model of a new leading order parameterization of GPDs introduced by Shuvaev and Polyakov. The model for GPDs H and E is formulated in terms of the forward quark distributions, the Gegenbauer moments of the D-term and the forward limit of the GPD E. The model is designed primarely for small and medium-size values of x_B, x_B \leq 0.2. We examined two different models of the t-dependence of the GPDs: The factorized exponential model and the non-factorized Regge-motivated model. Using our model, we successfully described the DVCS cross section measured by H1 and ZEUS, the m…
At large virtuality $Q^2$, the coupling to the vector meson production channels provides us with a natural explanation of the surprisingly large cross section of the neutral pion electroproduction recently measured at Jefferson Laboratory, without destroying the good agreement between the Regge pole model and the data at the real photon point. Elastic rescattering of the $π^0$ provides us with a way to explain why the node, that appears at $t\sim -0.5$ GeV$^2$ at the real photon point, disappears as soon as $Q^2$ differs from zero.
The natural interpretation of deep inelastic scattering is in terms of hard scattering on QCD constituents of the target. We examine the relation between amplitudes measured in exclusive lepto-production and the quark content of the nucleon. We show that in the Bjorken limit, the natural interpretation of amplitudes measured in these hard exclusive processes is in terms of the quark content of the meson cloud and not the target itself. Therefore the most efficient representation of these exclusive processes is in terms of leading Regge amplitudes.
We summarize recent developments in understanding the concept of generalized parton distributions (GPDs), its relation to nucleon structure, and its application to high-Q2 electroproduction processes. Following a brief review of QCD factorization and transverse nucleon structure, we discuss (a) new theoretical methods for the analysis of deeply-virtual Compton scattering (t-channel-based GPD parametrizations, dispersion relations); (b) the phenomenology of hard exclusive meson production (experimental tests of dominance of small-size configurations, model-independent comparative studies); (c) …
At large virtuality $Q^2$, the coupling to the $ρ$ meson production channels provides us with a natural explanation of the surprisingly large cross section of the $ω$, as well as the $π^+$, meson electroproduction recently measured at backward angles, without destroying the good agreement between the Regge pole model and the data at the real photon point. Together with elastic re-scattering of the outgoing meson it also provides us with a way to explain why the node, that appears at $u\sim -0.15$ GeV$^2$ at the real photon point, disappears at moderate virtuality $Q^2$. Predictions are given f…
Using a physically motivated parameterization based on the reggeized diquark model we perform a flavor separation of the chiral-odd generalized parton distributions obtained from both $π^0$ and $η$ exclusive electroproduction. In our approach we exploit a connection between the chiral-even and chiral-odd reduced helicity amplitudes using Parity transformations that are relevant for a class of models that includes two-component models. We compare our results for $η$ production to the previously obtained $π^0$ results, and we make predictions for the transverse single spin asymmetry components w…
Exclusive $π^0$ electroproduction at a beam energy of 5.75 GeV has been measured with the Jefferson Lab CLAS spectrometer. Differential cross sections were measured at more than 1800 kinematic values in $Q^2$, $x_B$, $t$, and $ϕ_π$, in the $Q^2$ range from 1.0 to 4.6 GeV$^2$,\ $-t$ up to 2 GeV$^2$, and $x_B$ from 0.1 to 0.58. Structure functions $σ_T +εσ_L, σ_{TT}$ and $σ_{LT}$ were extracted as functions of $t$ for each of 17 combinations of $Q^2$ and $x_B$. The data were compared directly with two handbag-based calculations including both longitudinal and transversity GPDs. Inclusion of only…
The processes of exclusive diffractive scattering $p+p\to p+p$, $\bar p+p\to\bar p+p$, and $γ^*+p\to V+p$ at high energies are considered in the framework of a unified Regge-eikonal model with a very simple reggeon structure of the eikonal. It is demonstrated that the pomeron trajectory is universal in all reactions and having intercept about 1.31 which could be exctracted explicitly from the data on the proton structure function $F_2(x,Q^2)$. The predictions for the proton-proton cross-sections at LHC energies are given.
Exclusive $π^o$ electroproduction is suggested for extracting both the tensor charge and the transverse anomalous magnetic moment from experimental data. A connection between partonic degrees of freedom, given in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions, and Regge phenomenology is discussed. Calculations are performed using a physically motivated parametrization that is valid at values of the skewness, $ζ\neq 0$. Our method makes use of information from the nucleon form factor data, from deep inelastuc scattering parton distribution functions, and from lattice results on the Mellin moments of…
The forward electroproduction of two light vector mesons is the first example of a collision process between strongly interacting colorless particles for which the amplitude can be written completely within perturbative QCD in the Regge limit with next-to-leading accuracy. This amplitude can be written as a convolution of two impact factors for the virtual photon to light vector meson transition with the BFKL Green's function. In this lecture we first describe how the relevant impact factor is calculated, then we perform the convolution with the BFKL Green's function and illustrate the numeric…
The light meson electroproduction is analyzed within the handbag approach. We consider the leading-twist contribution together with the transversity effects. We show that the transversity Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs), $H_T$ and $\bar E_T$ are essential in the description of spin effects in the pseudoscalar and vector meson leptoproduction.
