We examine the observational appearance of an optically thick, spherically symmetric, relativistic wind (a black hole wind). In a relativistic flow, the apparent optical depth becomes small in the downstream direction, while it is large in the upstream direction due to the relativistic effect. Hence, the apparent photosphere of the relativistic flow depends on the flow velocity and direction as well as the density distribution. We calculate the temperature distribution of the apparent photosphere of the optically thick black hole wind, where the wind speed is assumed to be constant and radiation dominates matter, for various values of the wind speed and mass-outflow rate. We found that the limb-darkening effect is strongly enhanced in the relativistic regime. We also found that the observed luminosities of the black hole wind become large as the wind speed increases, but do not depend on the mass-outflow rate.
Observational appearance of inefficient accretion flows and jets in 3D GRMHD simulations: Application to Sgr~A*
辐射低效吸积流(RIAF)被认为是星系暗核中超大质量黑洞(SMBH)的动力来源。这种黑洞通常伴随着平谱射电核心,表明存在适度相对论性喷流。其中一个最受约束的RIAF与银河系中心的SMBH有关,Sgr A *。由于RIAF中的等离子体只有弱碰撞,这些系统的动力学和辐射特性是非常不确定的。在这里,我们要研究的影响,不同的电子温度的外观吸积流和喷流。使用3-D GRMHD吸积流模拟,我们使用射线追踪方法来预测RIAF的光谱和射电图像,允许不同的电子加热机制在模拟的流入和流出部分。我们发现,电子温度的微小变化可能导致喷流和吸积流的相对优势的显着差异。应用到Sgr A * 表明,该源的无线电频谱和大小可以很好地再现与模型,其中电子更有效地加热的射流。X射线发射对喷流和盘中的电子加热机制敏感,因此X射线观测对吸积流和喷流的电子温度和几何形状有很强的约束。对于Sgr A *,射流模型还预测了显著的频率依赖性核心偏移,一旦精确测量,该偏移可以对模型施加独立的约束。我们的结论是,更复杂的电子分布函数的模型是至关重要的约束GRMHD模拟与实际观测。对于Sgr A *,射电外观很可能是由流出的等离子体主导的。尽管如此,在最高的射频,事件视界的阴影应该仍然可以通过未来的甚长基线干涉测量观测探测到。
Population synthesis of Galactic middle-aged pulsar wind nebulae II. Observational signatures of superefficiency
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC)(空间科学研究所);Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)(加泰罗尼亚空间研究学院);Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)(加泰罗尼亚高级研究学院);INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri(意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切特里天文台);Università degli Studi di Firenze(佛罗伦萨大学);INFN - Sezione di Firenze(意大利国家核物理研究所佛罗伦萨分部)