用引力波探测中子星
Probing neutron stars with gravitational waves
摘要：
在未来十年内，美国的高级LIGO、欧洲的高级Virgo和GEO HF以及可能的其他地面仪器的引力波（GW）观测将提供前所未有的机会，直接观察中子星的致密内部，这些内部对所有形式的电磁（EM）辐射都是不透明的。这些地基干涉仪可用的10 - 10000 Hz频带被许多中子星模式频率、自旋频率和逆动力学时标占据。GWs可以提供关于中子星的整体性质（质量、半径、位置.）的信息。以及其物质的微观物理学（晶体结构、粘度、成分.），其中一些很难或不可能单独通过EM观测获得。前者将告诉我们关于中子星的天体物理学，后者将阐明核和粒子物理学以及极端凝聚态物理学中的基本问题。虽然GW搜索可以"盲目"完成，但它们会随着EM观测的输入而变得更丰富，信息量更大;因此，两者的结合对于我们尽可能多地了解中子星至关重要。健康的GW和EM观测计划必须伴随着对天体物理学，引力物理学，核物理学和粒子物理学接口的有力理论研究，以便从观测中提取最多。
英文摘要：
Within the next decade gravitational-wave (GW) observations by Advanced LIGO in the United States, Advanced Virgo and GEO HF in Europe, and possibly other ground-based instruments will provide unprecedented opportunities to look directly into the dense interiors of neutron stars which are opaque to all forms of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. The 10-10000 Hz frequency band available to these ground-based interferometers is inhabited by many neutron star mode frequencies, spin frequencies, and inverse dynamical timescales. GWs can provide information on bulk properties of neutron stars (masses, radii, locations...) as well as microphysics of their substance (crystalline structure, viscosity, composition...), some of which is difficult or impossible to obtain by EM observations alone. The former will tell us about the astrophysics of neutron stars, and the latter will illuminate fundamental issues in nuclear and particle physics and the physics of extremely condensed matter. Although GW searches can be done "blind," they become richer and more informative with input from EM observations; and thus the combination of the two is crucial for learning the most we can about neutron stars. Healthy GW and EM observational programs must be accompanied by vigorous theoretical research on the interface of astrophysics, gravitational physics, nuclear and particle physics in order to extract the most from the observations.
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