Ayman Hashem Sakka
We give Bäcklund transformations for first and second Painlevé hierarchies. These Bäcklund transformations are generalization of known Bäcklund transformations of the first and second Painlevé equations and they relate the considered hierarchies to new hierarchies of Painlevé-type equations.
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We study the underlying relationship between Painleve equations and infinite-dimensional integrable systems, such as the KP and UC hierarchies. We show that a certain reduction of these hierarchies by requiring homogeneity and periodicity yields Painleve equations, including their higher order generalization. This result allows us to clearly understand various aspects of the equations, e.g., Lax formalism, Hirota bilinear relations for tau-functions, Weyl group symmetry, and algebraic solutions in terms of the character polynomials, i.e., the Schur function and the universal character.
First, starting from two hierarchies of autonomous Stäckel ODE's, we reconstruct the hierarchy of KdV stationary systems. Next, we deform considered autonomous Stäckel systems to non-autonomous Painlevé hierarchies of ODE's. Finally, we reconstruct the related non-autonomous KdV stationary hierarchies from respective Painlevé systems.
Bäcklund transformations (BTs) for ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and in particular for hierarchies of ODEs, are a topic of great current interest. Here we give an improved method of constructing BTs for hierarchies of ODEs. This approach is then applied to fourth Painlevé ($P_{IV}$) hierarchies recently found by the same authors [{\em Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. (Kyoto)} {\bf 37} 327--347 (2001)]. We show how the known pattern of BTs for $P_{IV}$ can be extended to our $P_{IV}$ hierarchies. Remarkably, the BTs required to do this are precisely the Miura maps of the dispersive water w…
We construct a tau cover of the generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy associated to an arbitrary affine Kac-Moody algebra with gradations $\mathrm{s}\le\mathds{1}$ and derive its Virasoro symmetries. By imposing the Virasoro constraints we obtain solutions of the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy of Witten-Kontsevich and of Brezin-Gross-Witten types, and of those characterized by certain ordinary differential equations of Painlevé type. We also show the existence of affine Weyl group actions on solutions of such Painlevé type equations, which generalizes the theory of Noumi and Yamada on affine Weyl…
In this paper we describe Bäcklund transformations and hierarchies of exact solutions for the fourth Painlevé equation (PIV) $${\d^2 w\over\d z^2}={1\over2w}\left(\d w\over\d z\right)^2 + {3\over2}w^3 + 4zw^2 + 2(z^2-α)w+{β\over w},\eqno(1){\hbox to 16pt{\hfill}}$$ with $α$, $β$ constants. Specifically, a nonlinear superposition principle for PIV, hierarchies of solutions expressible in terms of complementary error or parabolic cylinder functions as well as rational solutions will be derived. Included amongst these hierarchies are solutions of (1) for which $α=\pm\tfr12n$ and $β=-\tfr12n^2$, w…
As Fredholm determinants are more and more frequent in the context of stochastic integrability, we unveil the existence of a common framework in many integrable systems where they appear. This consists in a quasi-universal hierarchy of equations, partly unifying an integro-differential generalization of the Painlevé II hierarchy, the finite-time solutions of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation, multi-critical fermions at finite temperature and a notable solution to the Zakharov-Shabat system associated to the largest real eigenvalue in the real Ginibre ensemble. As a byproduct, we obtain the expl…
Discrete equations from Bäcklund transformations of the fifth Painlevé equation
本文从第五Painlevé方程的Bäcklund变换导出离散方程，包括一个具有三元对称性的新离散方程，并利用广义Laguerre多项式和广义Umemura多项式推导出离散方程的有理解层次，同时利用非唯一有理解对得到满足同一离散方程的不同有理解层次。
We consider systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of the form ${\cal B}{\mathbf K}=0$, where $\cal B$ is a Hamiltonian operator of a completely integrable partial differential equation (PDE) hierarchy, and ${\mathbf K}=(K,L)^T$. Such systems, whilst of quite low order and linear in the components of $\mathbf K$, may represent higher-order nonlinear systems if we make a choice of $\mathbf K$ in terms of the coefficient functions of $\cal B$. Indeed, our original motivation for the study of such systems was their appearance in the study of Painlevé hierarchies, where the question of …
In this paper classical solutions of the degenerate fifth Painlevé equation are classified, which include hierarchies of algebraic solutions and solutions expressible in terms of Bessel functions. Solutions of the degenerate fifth Painlevé equation are known to expressible in terms of the third Painlevé equation. Two applications of these classical solutions are discussed, deriving exact solutions of the complex sine-Gordon equation and of the coefficients in the three-term recurrence relation associated with generalised Charlier polynomials.
Rational solutions for the Painlevé IV equation are investigated by Hirota bilinear formalism. It is shown that the solutions in one hierarchy are expressed by 3-reduced Schur functions, and those in another two hierarchies by Casorati determinant of the Hermite polynomials, or by special case of the Schur polynomials.
The 8-parameter elliptic Sakai difference Painlevé equation admits a Lax formulation. We show that a suitable specialization of the Lax equation gives rise to the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the $BC_1$ 8-parameter 'relativistic' Calogero-Moser Hamiltonian due to van Diejen. This amounts to a generalization of previous results concerning the Painlevé-Calogero correspondence to the highest level in the two hierarchies.
This is the second article in a suite of articles investigating relations between Stäckel-type systems and Painlevé-type systems. In this article we construct isomonodromic Lax representations for Painlevé-type systems found in the previous paper by Frobenius integrable deformations of Stäckel-type systems. We first construct isomonodromic Lax representations for Painlevé-type systems in the so called magnetic representation and then, using a multitime-dependent canonical transformation, we also construct isomonodromic Lax representations for Painlevé-type systems in the non-magnetic represent…
The discrete Painlevé I equation (dP$\rm_I$) is an integrable difference equation which has the classical first Painlevé equation (P$\rm_I$) as a continuum limit. dP$\rm_I$ is believed to be integrable because it is the discrete isomonodromy condition for an associated (single-valued) linear problem. In this paper, we derive higher-order difference equations as isomonodromy conditions that are associated to the same linear deformation problem. These form a hierarchy that may be compared to hierarchies of integrable ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We strengthen this comparison by contin…
The universal character is a polynomial attached to a pair of partitions and is a generalization of the Schur polynomial. In this paper, we introduce an integrable system of q-difference lattice equations satisfied by the universal character, and call it the lattice q-UC hierarchy. We regard it as generalizing both q-KP and q-UC hierarchies. Suitable similarity and periodic reductions of the hierarchy yield the q-difference Painleve equations of types $A_{2g+1}^{(1)}$ $(g \geq 1)$, $D_5^{(1)}$, and $E_6^{(1)}$. As its consequence, a class of algebraic solutions of the q-Painleve equations is r…
We present a method of determining a Lax representation for similarity reductions of autonomous and non-autonomous partial difference equations. This method may be used to obtain Lax representations that are general enough to provide the Lax integrability for entire hierarchies of reductions. A main result is, as an example of this framework, how we may obtain the q-Painlevé equation whose group of Bäcklund transformations is an affine Weyl group of type E_6^{(1)} as a similarity reduction of the discrete Schwarzian Korteweg-de Vries equation.
In this paper we shall use the algebraic method known as supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) to obtain solutions to the Painlevé V (PV) equation, a second-order non-linear ordinary differential equation. For this purpose, we will apply first the SUSY QM treatment to the radial oscillator. In addition, we will revisit the polynomial Heisenberg algebras (PHAs) and we will study the general systems ruled by them: for first-order PHAs we obtain the radial oscillator, while for third-order PHAs the potential will be determined by solutions to the PV equation. This connection allows us to int…
Integrable equations in ($1 + 1$) dimensions have their own higher order integrable equations, like the KdV, mKdV and NLS hierarchies etc. In this paper we consider whether integrable equations in ($2 + 1$) dimensions have also the analogous hierarchies to those in ($1 + 1$) dimensions. Explicitly is discussed the Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff(BS) equation. For the BS hierarchy, there appears an ambiguity in the Painlevé test. Nevertheless, it may be concluded that the BS hierarchy is integrable.
A non-commutative discrete first Painlevé hierarchy: the Lax pair approach
利用与离散第一Painlevé层级相关的等单子问题的非交换类比，构造了该层级的非交换版本d-PI_m^{nc}，并证明了两个层级均可由Svinin多项式S_s^k(n)表示，同时推导了非交换Volterra晶格层级到d-PI_m^{nc}层级的约化，给出了前三个成员的显式连续极限。
We study the simple-looking scalar integrable equation $f_{xxt} - 3(f_x f_t - 1) = 0$, which is related (in different ways) to the Novikov, Hirota-Satsuma and Sawada-Kotera equations. For this equation we present a Lax pair, a Bäcklund transformation, soliton and merging soliton solutions (some exhibiting instabilities), two infinite hierarchies of conservation laws, an infinite hierarchy of continuous symmetries, a Painlevé series, a scaling reduction to a third order ODE and its Painlevé series, and the Hirota form (giving further multisoliton solutions).
Painlevé Integrability, Hamiltonian Structure and Exact Elliptic Reductions of a Generalized Nonlinear Wave Equation
该研究通过Painlevé分析确定广义KdV族中极点型可积性与椭圆波几何同时丧失的结构阈值，证明仅m=1,2（即KdV和mKdV）可积，m≥3则不可积，为奇异性与可积性提供简洁联系。
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