相对论热力学中的非定域观测量和光锥平均
Nonlocal observables and lightcone-averaging in relativistic thermodynamics
摘要：
相对论和热力学的统一在过去的100年里一直是一个争论不休的话题。其原因有两个：（1）热力学变量是非定域量，因此在时空中挑选出一类较好的超平面。(ii)在相对论系统中，存在着不同的、看起来同样合理的定义热和功的方法。例如，这些模糊性导致了对洛伦兹变换温度定律的各种提议。传统的相对论热力学“等值线”公式在理论上不令人满意，在实验上也不可行。在这里，我们演示了如何解决这些缺陷，通过定义热力学量相对于一个观察事件的backward-lightcone。这种方法产生新颖的，可检验的预测，并允许一个简单的热力学扩展到广义相对论。通过三维相对论多体模拟说明了我们的理论考虑。
英文摘要：
The unification of relativity and thermodynamics has been a subject of considerable debate over the last 100 years. The reasons for this are twofold: (i) Thermodynamic variables are nonlocal quantities and, thus, single out a preferred class of hyperplanes in spacetime. (ii) There exist different, seemingly equally plausible ways of defining heat and work in relativistic systems. These ambiguities led, for example, to various proposals for the Lorentz transformation law of temperature. Traditional 'isochronous' formulations of relativistic thermodynamics are neither theoretically satisfactory nor experimentally feasible. Here, we demonstrate how these deficiencies can be resolved by defining thermodynamic quantities with respect to the backward-lightcone of an observation event. This approach yields novel, testable predictions and allows for a straightforward-extension of thermodynamics to General Relativity. Our theoretical considerations are illustrated through three-dimensional relativistic many-body simulations.
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