吸积黑洞和中子星的光学天体测量：科学机遇
Optical Astrometry of Accreting Black Holes and Neutron Stars: Scientific Opportunities
摘要：
在黑洞和中子星附近发现的极端条件为检验物理理论提供了一个独特的机会。对这两种致密天体的观测都可以用来探测强引力区域，从而可以检验广义相对论。此外，在中子星内部存在的非常高的密度下，确定物质的性质将对核物理和粒子物理学具有重要意义。虽然这些天体中有许多是双星系统（“X射线双星”），其中来自恒星伴星的吸积物质提供了对致密天体的探测，但在进行最终测试的测量方面的主要困难是基本信息的不确定性，例如到源的距离，其双星轨道的方向和致密天体的质量。微弧秒级的光学天体测量将允许以百分之几的精度精确确定距离和自行，并将提供直接绘制X射线双星轨道的机会，导致轨道倾角和紧凑物体质量的测量精度优于4%。空间干涉测量任务（“SIM Lite”）将使天体测量达到前所未有的精度，这将导致黑洞和中子星物理学研究的突破
英文摘要：
The extreme conditions found near black holes and neutron stars provide a unique opportunity for testing physical theories. Observations of both types of compact objects can be used to probe regions of strong gravity, allowing for tests of General Relativity. Furthermore, a determination of the properties of matter at the remarkably high densities that exist within neutron stars would have important implications for nuclear and particle physics. While many of these objects are in binary systems ("X-ray binaries"), where accreting matter from the stellar companion provides a probe of the compact object, a main difficulty in making measurements that lead to definitive tests has been uncertainty about basic information such as distances to sources, orientation of their binary orbits, and masses of the compact objects. Optical astrometry at the microarcsecond level will allow for accurate determinations of distances and proper motions with precisions of a few percent and will provide an opportunity to directly map X-ray binary orbits, leading to measurements of orbital inclination and compact object masses accurate to better than 4%. Using astrometry at this unprecedented accuracy, which would be enabled by the Space Interferometry Mission ("SIM Lite"), will lead to breakthroughs in the investigations of the physics of black holes and neutron stars
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