Limiting structure of thermodynamic functions of gaseous plasmas is under consideration in the limit of low temperature and density. The remarkable tendency, that was claimed previously [High Temp. 19, 799 (1981)], is carried to extreme. In the limit discussed, when temperature and density tend to zero at constant value of electron chemical potential, both equations of state (thermal and caloric) obtain almost identical stepped structure ("ionization stairs") when their special forms being exposed i.e. PV/RT for thermal EOS and (U - 3/2PV) for caloric EOS. At the same time all thermodynamic differential parameters (heat capacity, compressibility, etc.) obtain their remarkable delta-like structures ("thermodynamic spectrum"). This limiting structure appears within a fixed (negative) range of electron chemical potential ("intrinsic energy scale") that is bounded below by value of major ionization potential and above by the value connected with sublimation energy of substance. Binding energies of all possible complexes (atomic, molecular and ionic) in its ground state are the only quantities that manifest itself in meaningful details of this limiting picture as location and value of every step. The limiting stepped structure of gaseous zero-Kelvin isotherm is generic prototype of well-known "shell oscillations" in EOS of gaseous plasmas at low, but finite temperatures and non-idealities. At the same time this limiting form of plasma thermodynamics could be used as a natural basis for rigorous deduction of well-known quasi-chemical approach ("chemical picture") in frames of asymptotic expansion (on temperature, but not density) around this reference system.
Nontrivial topology in bulk matter has been linked with the existence of topologically protected interfacial states. We show that a gaseous plasmon polariton (GPP), an electromagnetic surface wave existing at the boundary of magnetized plasma and vacuum, has a topological origin that arises from the nontrivial topology of magnetized plasma. Because a gaseous plasma cannot sustain a sharp interface with discontinuous density, one must consider a gradual density falloff with scale length comparable or longer than the wavelength of the wave. We show that the GPP may be found within a gapped spect…
We examine the properties of a gaseous plasma resonator generated by focusing a high-energy laser pulse through a lens and into a gas. An analytical model is presented describing the scattering resonance of these near-ellipsoidal plasmas and its dependence on their eccentricity and intrinsic plasma properties. This dependence is investigated through Ku band transmission experiments of a waveguide with an embedded single plasma element and through optical diagnostics of the laser-induced plasma. The described resonator has the potential to be used as the building block in a new class of metamat…
The total number of electrons in a classical microplasma can be non-intrusively measured through elastic in-phase coherent microwave scattering (CMS). Here, we establish a theoretical basis for the CMS diagnostic technique with an emphasis on Thomson and collisional scattering in short, thin unmagnetized plasma media. Experimental validation of the diagnostic is subsequently performed via linearly polarized, variable frequency microwave scattering off laser induced air-based microplasmas with diverse ionization and collisional features. Namely, conducted studies include a verification of short…
On the calculation of equilibrium thermodynamic properties and the establishment of statistical-thermodynamically-consistent finite bound-state partition functions in nonideal multi-component plasma mixtures within the chemical model
A precise calculation that translates shifts of X-ray K-absorption edges to variations of thermodynamic properties allows quantitative characterization of interior thermodynamic properties of warm dense plasmas by X-ray absorption techniques, which provides essential information for inertial confinement fusion and other astrophysical applications. We show that this interpretation can be achieved through an improved first-principles method. Our calculation shows that the shift of K-edges exhibits selective sensitivity to thermal parameters and thus would be a suitable temperature index to warm …
Physical properties of plasmas such as equations of state and transport coefficients are expressed in terms of correlation functions, which can be calculated using various approaches (analytical theory, numerical simulations). The method of Green's functions provides benchmark values for these properties in the low-density limit. For the equation of state and electrical conductivity, expansions with respect to density (virial expansions) are considered. Comparison of analytical results with numerical simulations is used to verify theory, to prove the accuracy of simulations, and to establish i…
Thermodynamics of weakly screened (near the one-component-plasma limit) Yukawa fluids in two and three dimensions is analyzed in detail. It is shown that the thermal component of the excess internal energy of these fluids, when expressed in terms of the properly normalized coupling strength, exhibits the scaling pertinent to the corresponding one-component-plasma limit (the scalings differ considerably between the two- and three-dimensional situations). This provides us with a simple and accurate practical tool to estimate thermodynamic properties of weakly screened Yukawa fluids. Particular a…
We have explored the thermodynamics of compressed magnetized plasmas in laboratory experiments and we call these studies "magnetothermodynamics". The experiments are carried out in the Swarthmore Spheromak eXperiment device. In this device, a magnetized plasma source is located at one end and at the other end, a closed conducting can is installed. We generate parcels of magnetized plasma and observe their compression against the end wall of the conducting cylinder. The plasma parameters such as plasma density, temperature, and magnetic field are measured during compression using HeNe laser int…
The pressure and internal energy of an ultracold plasma in a state of quasi-equilibrium are evaluated using classical molecular dynamics simulations. Coulomb collapse is avoided by modeling electron-ion interactions using an attractive Coulomb potential with a repulsive core. We present a method to separate the contribution of classical bound states, which form due to recombination, from the contribution of free charges when evaluating these thermodynamic state variables. It is found that the contribution from free charges is independent of the choice of repulsive core length-scale when it is …
Thermodynamic properties of the electron-positron plasma (or gas) at high and very high temperatures are investigated. To achieve this goal we have derived a number of analytical formulas for the Fermi-Dirac distribution functions (or spectral functions) which can be applied to various Fermi gases in different cases. Almost all these formulas are represented in the form of series expansions. The coefficients in these expansions are the explicit and relatively simple functions of the $\fracμ{T}$ ratio, where $T$ is the temperature and $μ$ is the chemical potential of this Fermi system. Our new …
In previous work we provided the explicit form of the nonlinear PDEs, subjected to the appropriate boundary conditions, which have to be satisfied by transport coefficients for systems out of Onsager's region. Since the proposed PDEs are obtained without neglecting any term present in the balance equations (i.e., the mass, momentum, and energy balance equations), we propose them as a good candidate for describing also transport in thermodynamic systems in turbulent regimes. As a special case, we derive the nonlinear PDEs for transport coefficients when the thermodynamic system is subjected to …
This paper covers calculation of radial distribution functions, specific energy and static electrical conductivity of CH$_2$ plasma in the two-temperature regime. The calculation is based on the quantum molecular dynamics, density functional theory and the Kubo-Greenwood formula. The properties are computed at 5 kK $\le$ $T_i$ $\le$ $T_e$ $\le$ 40 kK and ρ= 0.954 g/cm$^3$ and depend severely on the presence of chemical bonds in the system. Chemical compounds exist at the lowest temperature $T_i$ = $T_e$ = 5 kK considered; they are destroyed rapidly at the growth of $T_i$ and slower at the incr…
High-density lithium plasmas are expected to be generated in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) reactor chamber due to energy deposition of the prompt X-rays and ion debris in the first wall. These dense plasmas are encountered in many other applications as well. The design and optimization of such lithium-based applications requires information about the thermodynamic properties of Li fluid over a wide range of parameters including the high-energy-density regime. A model that takes into account all essential features of strongly-coupled plasmas of metal vapors is developed and used to pred…
Striking pictures showing filamentary structures in plasma focus have intrigued researchers from the early days of plasma focus research. A definitive understanding of their occurrence, origin, structure and role in plasma focus physics is still not in sight as summarized in a recent comprehensive review. This is because they are often not observed in a "standard mode" of plasma focus operation with pure deuterium, particularly in large installations, but are found in smaller experiments or those with gaseous admixtures. This has led to the suspicion that filaments are not a native feature of …
The thermal motion of a dust particle levitated in a plasma chamber is similar to that described by Brownian motion in many ways. The primary differences between a dust particle in a plasma system and a free Brownian particle is that in addition to the random collisions between the dust particle and the neutral gas atoms, there are electric field fluctuations, dust charge fluctuations, and correlated motions from the unwanted continuous signals originating within the plasma system itself. This last contribution does not include random motion and is therefore separable from the random motion in…
The spontaneous evolution of magnetic reconnection in generalized situations (with thermodynamic asymmetry regarding the current sheet and magnetic shear) is investigated using two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation. We focus on the asymptotic state of temporal evolution, i.e., the self-similarly expanding phase (Nitta et al. 2001). 1) A long fast-mode shock is generated in front of the shorter plasmoid as in the shear-less thermodynamically asymmetric case; however, the sheared magnetic component weakens the shock. This fast shock may work as a particle acceleration site. 2) The short…
Thermodynamic characteristics of the radiation of condensed combustion products presented in the form of agglomerates of metal-oxide nanoparticles demonstrate deviations from the classical Planck's law. We propose to interpret these deviations in terms of the non-additive entropy of the photon system interacting with the heterogeneous combustion products, which makes it possible to use the non-extensive Tsallis thermodynamics for their description. It is assumed that the non-additive character of the radiation entropy in heterogeneous plasma can be explained by the influence of long-range inte…
In numerous realizations of complex plasmas, dust-dust interactions are characterized by two screening lengths and are thus better described by a combination of Yukawa potentials. The present work investigates the static correlations and the thermodynamics of repulsive dense bi-Yukawa fluids based on the fact that such strongly coupled systems exhibit isomorph invariance. The strong virial-potential energy correlations are demonstrated with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations, an accurate analytical expression for the isomorph family of curves is obtained and an empirical expression for …
This work is concerned with the development of a novel, accurate equation of state for describing partially ionised air plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium. One key application for this new equation of state is the simulation of lightning strike on aircraft. Due to the complexities of species ionisation and interaction, although phenomenological curve fitting of thermodynamic properties is possible, these curves are intractable for practical numerical simulation. The large difference in size of the parameters (many orders of magnitude) and complexity of the equations means they are not s…
We develop an analytical equation of state (EOS) for magnetized fully ionized plasmas, which cover a wide range of temperatures and densities, from low-density classical plasmas to relativistic, quantum plasma conditions. This EOS directly applies to calculations of structure and evolution of strongly magnetized white dwarfs and neutron stars. We review available analytical and numerical results for thermodynamic functions of the nonmagnetized and magnetized Coulomb gases, liquids, and solids. We propose a new analytical expression for the free energy of solid Coulomb mixtures. Based on recent…
Analytical equation of state for pure alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium) in equilibrium gas phase is proposed. This equation has a simple form, generalizes the equation of state for a perfect gas and is universal for all alkali elements. It correctly reproduces the experimental data for the equilibrium gas phase over a wide range of pressures (up to $\sim 10^5$~Pa) and temperatures (up to $\sim 3 \cdot 10^3$~K). On the basis of this equation of state, expressions for thermal and caloric coefficients as well as for \textit{other physical characteristics} are obtaine…
Application of the ion sphere model (ISM), well known in the context of the one-component-plasma, to estimate thermodynamic properties of model Yukawa systems is discussed. It is shown that the ISM approximation provides fairly good estimate of the internal energy of the strongly coupled Yukawa systems, in both fluid and solid phases. Simple expressions for the excess pressure and isothermal compressibility are derived, which can be particularly useful in connection to wave phenomena in strongly coupled dusty plasmas. It is also shown that in the regime of strong screening a simple considerati…
The Effect of Expansion and Instabilities in the Thermodynamic Regulation of the Young Solar Wind Plasma
Universidad de Santiago de Chile（圣地亚哥智利大学）；Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Astrophysics and Space Sciences (CIRAS)（天体物理学与空间科学跨学科研究中心）；Universidad de Concepción（康塞普西翁大学）；Universidad de Chile（智利大学）
