Collimated fast winds (CFWs) have been proposed to operate during the post-AGB evolutionary phase (and even earlier during the late AGB phase), responsible for the shaping of pre-planetary nebulae (PPNs) and young planetary nebulae (PNs). This paper is a follow-up to our previous study of CFW models for the well-studied PPN CRL 618. Previously, we compared our CFW models with optical observations of CRL 618 in atomic and ionic lines and found that a CFW with a small opening angle can readily reproduce the highly collimated shape of the northwestern (W1) lobe of CRL 618 and the bow-like structure seen at its tip. In this paper, we compare our CFW models with recent observations of CRL 618 in CO J=2-1, J=6-5, and H2 1-0 S(1). In our models, limb-brightened shell structures are seen in CO and H2 at low velocity arising from the shocked AGB wind in the shell, and can be identified as the low-velocity (LV) components in the observations. However, the shell structure in CO J=2-1 is significantly less extended than that seen in the observations. None of our models can properly reproduce the observed high-velocity (HV) molecular emission near the source along the body of the lobe. In order to reproduce the HV molecular emission in CRL 618, the CFW is required to have a different structure. One possible CFW structure is the cylindrical jet, with the fast wind material confined to a small cross section and collimated to the same direction along the outflow axis.
We present observations of the carbon-rich protoplanetary nebula (PPN) CRL 2688 made with the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) 30 m telescope in the 3mm and 2mm bands. In total, 196 transition lines belonging to 38 molecular species and isotopologues are detected, among which, to our best knowledge, 153 transition lines and 13 species are the first report for this object. Additionally, in order to contribute to future research, we have collected observational data on the molecular lines of CRL 2688 from the literature and compiled them into a single unified catalog. We find tha…
Hu\,1-2 is a planetary nebula that contains an isolated knot located northwestern of the main nebula, which could be related to a collimated outflow. We present a subsarcsecond H$α$+[N\,{\sc ii}] image and a high-resolution, long-slit spectrum of Hu\,1-2 that allow us to identify the southeastern counterpart of the northwestern knot and to establish their high velocity ($>$ 340 km\,s$^{-1}$), collimated bipolar outflow nature. The detection of the northwestern knot in POSS red plates allows us to carry out a proper motion analysis by combining three POSS red plates and two narrow-band H$α$+[N\…
Jets and outflows are ubiquitous phenomena in astrophysics, found in our Galaxy in diverse environments, from the formation of stars to late-type stellar objects. We present observations conducted with the 305m Arecibo Telescope of the pre-planetary nebula CRL 618 (Westbrook Nebula) - a well studied late-type star that has developed bipolar jets. The observations resulted in the first detection of 4765 MHz OH in a late-type stellar object. The line was narrow (FWHM ~ 0.6 km/s) and ~40 km/s blueshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, which suggests association with the expanding jets/bul…
The planetary nebula (PN) NGC 6778 harbors a binary central star with a short orbital period and displays two systems of fast collimated outflows. In order to assess the influence of the evolution through a common-envelope phase of the binary system of NGC 6778 on its formation and shaping, we have used narrow-band images and high-dispersion long-slit spectra of the nebula to investigate its detailed morphology and kinematics. We find that the overall structure of NGC 6778 can be described as a bipolar PN. The equatorial ring is highly disrupted and many radial features (filamentary wisps and …
In order to understand the formation of the multipolar structures of the pre-planetary nebula (PPN) CRL 618, we perform 3D simulations using a multi-directional bullet model. The optical lobes of CRL 618 and fast molecular outflows at the tips of the lobes have been found to have similar expansion ages of ~ 100 yr. Additional fast molecular outflows were found near the source along the outflow axes with ages of ~ 45 yr, suggesting a second episode of bullet ejections. Thus, in our simulations, two episodes of bullet ejections are assumed. The shaping process is simulated using the ZEUS-3D hydr…
A significant fraction of planetary nebulae (PNe) exhibit collimated outflows, distinct narrow kinematical components with notable velocity shifts with respect to the main nebular shells typically associated with low-ionization compact knots and linear or precessing jet-like features. We present here a spatio-kinematical investigation of a sample of twelve PNe with morphologies in emission lines of low-ionization species suggestive of collimated outflows. Using archival narrow-band images and our own high-dispersion long-slit echelle spectra, we confirm the presence of collimated outflows in H…
We present a comprehensive set of spatially resolved, integral field spectroscopic mapping of the Wolf-Rayet planetary nebula Th 2-A, obtained using the Wide Field Spectrograph on the Australian National University 2.3-m telescope. Velocity-resolved H$α$ channel maps with a resolution of 20 km s$^{-1}$ allow us to identify different kinematic components within the nebula. This information is used to develop a three-dimensional morpho-kinematic model of the nebula using the interactive kinematic modeling tool SHAPE. These results suggest that Th 2-A has a thick toroidal shell with an expansion …
CRL 618 is a well-studied pre-planetary nebula. It has multiple highly collimated optical lobes, fast molecular outflows along the optical lobes, and an extended molecular envelope that consists of a dense torus in the equator and a tenuous round halo. Here we present our observations of this source in CO J=3-2 and HCN J=4-3 obtained with the Submillimeter Array at up to ~ 0.3" resolutions. We spatially resolve the fast molecular-outflow region previously detected in CO near the central star and find it to be composed of multiple outflows that have similar dynamical ages, and are oriented alon…
We studied the central region of bipolar nebula M\,2-9 using radio-continuum observations obtained from the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) interferometers. This work presents new images at $\sim$ 43 GHz ($\sim$ 7.0 mm) and $\sim$ 345 GHz ($\sim$ 0.9 mm) with angular resolutions of $\sim$ 0$\rlap{.}^{\prime\prime}$047 and 0$\rlap{.}^{\prime\prime}$09, respectively. The continuum emission at $\sim$ 43 GHz shows an elongated jet-like structure perpendicular to the $\sim$ 345 GHz observation. We conclude that both emissions could correspond to tracing …
We report an unbiased radio line survey towards the circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars at the frequency range from 20 to 25 GHz, aiming to obtain a more complete unbiased picture of the chemical evolution in the final stages of stellar evolution. The observation sample includes the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star IRC+10216, the proto-planetary nebulae (PPNs) CRL\,2688 and CRL\,618, and the young planetary nebula (PN) NGC\,7027, representing an evolutionary sequence spanning about 10,000 years. Rotational transitions from cyanopolyyne chains and inversion lines from ammonia are detecte…
Deep, narrow-band \Ha\ and 6584 Å [\Nii ] CCD images of the peculiar, infrared excess B[e] star MWC~922 reveal a collimated, bipolar jet orthogonal to the previously detected extended nebula. The jet consists of a pair of $\sim$0.15 pc segments on either side of MWC~922 separated by gaps. The most distant jet segments disappear $\sim$0.6 pc from the star. The northwest beam points to a faint emission-line feature 1.65 pc from MWC~922 that may be a terminal bow shock where the jet rams the ambient medium. The narrow opening-angle of the jet combined with an estimated internal sound speed of $\s…
We present narrow-band optical and near-IR imaging and optical long-slit spectroscopic observations of Hu1-2, a Galactic planetary nebula (PN) with a pair of [N II]-bright, fast-moving (> 340 km/s) bipolar knots. Intermediate-dispersion spectra are used to derive physical conditions and abundances across the nebula, and high-dispersion spectra to study the spatio-kinematical structure. Generally Hu1-2 has high He/H (~0.14) and N/O ratios (~0.9), typical of Type I PNe. On the other hand, its abundances of O, Ne, S, and Ar are low as compared with the average abundances of Galactic bulge and dis…
Magnetic fields of order $10^1-10^2$ gauss that are present in the envelopes of red giant stars are ejected in common envelope scenarios. These fields could be responsible for the launching of magnetically driven winds in proto-planetary nebulae. Using 2D simulations of magnetized winds interacting with an envelope drawn from a 3D simulation of the common envelope phase, we study the confinement, heating, and magnetic field development of post-common envelope winds. We find that the ejected magnetic field can be enhanced via compression by factors up to $\sim 10^4$ in circumbinary disks during…
We present intermediate resolution long-slit spectra and narrow-band Halpha, [NII] and [OIII] images of PM1-242, PM318 and PM1-333, three IRAS sources classified as possible planetary nebulae. The spectra show that the three objects are true planetary nebulae and allow us to study their physical properties; the images provide a detailed view of their morphology. PM1-242 is a medium-to-high-excitation (e.g., HeII4686/Hbeta ~0.4; [NII]6584/Halpha ~0.3) planetary nebula with an elliptical shape containing [NII] enhanced point-symmetric arcs. An electron temperature [Te([SIII])] of ~10250 K and an…
In this work we aimed to describe the three-dimensional morphology and kinematics of the molecular gas of the water-fountain nebula IRAS 16342-3814. In order to do this, we retrieved data from the ALMA archive to analyse it using a simple spatio-kinematical model. We used the software SHAPE to construct a three-dimensional spatio-kinematical model of the molecular gas in IRAS 16342-3814. By reproducing the intensity distribution and position-velocity diagram of the CO emission from the ALMA observations we derived the morphology and velocity field of the gas. We used CO(1-0) data to support th…
Spatially resolved observations of the planetary nebula M2-42 (PN G008.2-04.8) obtained with the Wide Field Spectrograph on the Australian National University 2.3 m telescope have revealed the remarkable features of bipolar collimated jets emerging from its main structure. Velocity-resolved channel maps derived from the [N II] $λ$6584 emission line disentangle different morphological components of the nebula. This information is used to develop a three-dimensional morpho-kinematic model, which consists of an equatorial dense torus and a pair of asymmetric bipolar outflows. The expansion veloci…
We present proper motion measurements of 37 jets and HH objects in the Carina Nebula measured in two epochs of H$α$ images obtained $\sim 10$ yrs apart with HST/ACS. Transverse velocities in all but one jet are faster than $\gtrsim 25$ km s$^{-1}$, confirming that the jet-like H$α$ features identified by Smith et al. (2010) trace outflowing gas. Proper motions constrain the location of the jet-driving source and provide kinematic confirmation of the intermediate-mass protostars that we identify for 20/37 jets. Jet velocities do not correlate with the estimated protostar mass and embedded drivi…
Ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) represent a critical stage in the merger-driven evolution of galaxies when AGN activity is common and AGN feedback is expected. We present high sensitivity and large field of view intergral field spectroscopy of the ULIRG Mrk 273 using new data from the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KWCI). The KCWI data captures the complex nuclear region and the two extended nebulae in the northeast (NE) and southwest (SW) to $\sim 20$ kpc scales. Kinematics in the nuclear region show a fast, extended, bipolar outflow in the direction of the previously reported nuclear super…
The majority of planetary nebulae (PNe) show axisymmetric morphologies, whose causes are not well understood. In this work, we present spatially resolved kinematic observations of 14 Galactic PNe surrounding Wolf-Rayet ([WR]) and weak emission-line stars ($wels$) based on the H$α$ and [N II] emission taken with the Wide Field Spectrograph on the Australian National University 2.3-m telescope. Velocity-resolved channel maps and position--velocity diagrams, together with archival Hubble Space Telescope ($HST$) and ground-based images, are employed to construct three-dimensional morpho-kinematic …
We have mapped the pre-planetary nebula IRAS 17150-3224 in 350 GHz continuum and CO J=3-2 line at an angular resolution of about 0".09 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. A continuum source is detected at the center of the nebula, elongated along the equatorial plane, likely tracing a dusty torus around the central source. Continuum emission is also detected on both sides of the central continuum source in the equatorial plane, probably resulting from interactions of collimated fast winds with envelope material in the equator. CO emission is detected along the optical lobe.…
The morphology of bipolar planetary nebulae (PNe) can be attributed to interactions between a fast wind from the central engine and dense toroidal shaped ejecta left over from common envelope (CE) evolution. Here we use the 3-D hydrodynamic AMR code AstroBEAR to study the possibility that bipolar PN outflows can emerge collimated even from an uncollimated spherical wind in the aftermath of a CE event. The output of a single CE simulation via the SPH code PHANTOM serves as the initial conditions. Four cases of winds, all with high enough momenta to account for observed high momenta preplanetary…
The high excitation planetary nebula, NGC 6302, has been imaged in two far-ultraviolet (FUV) filters, F169M (Sapphire; λ$_{\rm eff}$: 1608 Å) and F172M (Silica; λ$_{\rm eff}$: 1717 Å) and two NUV filters, N219M (B15; λ$_{\rm eff}$: 2196 Å) and N279N (N2; λ$_{\rm eff}$: 2792 Å) with the Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT). The FUV F169M image shows faint emission lobes that extend to about 5 arcmin on either side of the central source. Faint orthogonal collimated jet-like structures are present on either side of the FUV lobes through the central source. These structures are not present in the…
Jets (fast collimated outflows) are claimed to be the main shaping agent of the most asymmetric planetary nebula (PNe) as they impinge on the circumstellar material at late stages of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase. The first jet detected in a PN was that of NGC 2392, yet there is no available image because its low surface brightness contrast with the bright nebular emission. Here we take advantage from the tomographic capabilities of GTC MEGARA high-dispersion integral field spectroscopic observations of the jet in NGC 2392 to gain unprecedented details of its morphology and kinematic…
We report the results from a pilot search for radio recombination line (RRL) emission at millimeter wavelengths in a small sample of pre-planetary nebulae (pPNe) and young PNe (yPNe) with emerging central ionized regions. Observations of the H30α, H31a, H39a, H41a, H48b, H49b, H51b, and H55g lines at 1 and 3mm have been performed with the IRAM 30 m radio telescope. These lines are excellent probes of the dense inner (<~150 au) and heavily obscured regions of these objects, where the yet unknown agents for PN-shaping originate. We detected mm-RRLs in three objects: CRL 618, MWC 922, and M 2-9. …
In previous, very deep, optical images of NGC 7293 both a feature that has the morphology of a bow-shock and one with that of a jet were discovered in the faint 40 arcmin diameter halo of the nebula. Spatially resolved longslit profiles of the Halpha and [N II] 6548, 6584 A nebular emission lines from both features have now been obtained. The bow-shaped feature has been found to have Halpha radial velocities close to the systemic heliocentric radial velocity, -27 km/s, of NGC 7293 and is faint in the [N II] 6548, 6584 A emission lines. Furthermore, the full width of these profiles matches the …
We present an analysis of a high resolution (R~50,000) optical spectrum of the central region of the proto-planetary nebula CRL 2688. This object is thought to have recently moved off the AGB, and display abundance patterns of CNO and heavy elements that can provide us with important clues to understand the nucleosynthesis, dredge-up and mixing experienced by the envelope of the central star during its AGB stage of evolution. The analysis of the molecular features, presumably originated from the circumstellar matter provides further constraints on the chemistry and velocity of the expanding sh…
One of the major puzzles in the study of stellar evolution is the formation process of bipolar and multi-polar planetary nebulae. There is growing consensus that collimated jets create cavities with dense walls in the slowly-expanding (10--20 ~km~s$^{-1}$) envelope ejected in previous evolutionary phases, leading to the observed morphologies. However, the launching of the jet and the way it interacts with the circumstellar material to create such asymmetric morphologies have remained poorly known. Here we present for the first time CO emission from the asymptotic giant branch star W43A that tr…
We present high-resolution, long-slit spectroscopic observations of two planetary nebulae with [WC] central stars located near the galactic bulge, M 1-32 and M 3-15. The observations were obtained with the 2.1-m telescope at the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, San Pedro Mártir. M 1-32 shows wide wings on the base of its emission lines and M 3-15 has two very faint high-velocity knots. In order to model both PNe we built a three-dimensional model consisting of a jet interacting with an equatorially concentrated slow wind, emulating the presence of a dense torus, using the Yguazú hydrodynamic…
We carry out a comprehensive kinematic and morphological study of the asymmetrical planetary nebula: NGC 6210, known as the Turtle. The nebula's spectacularly chaotic appearance has led to proposals that it was shaped by mass transfer in a triple star system. We study the three-dimensional structure and kinematics of its shells, lobes, knots, and haloes by combining radial velocity mapping from multiple long-slit spectra with proper motion measurements from multi-epoch imaging. We find that the nebula has five distinct ejection axes. The first is the axis of the bipolar, wind-blown inner shell…
The iconic planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027 is bright, nearby (D ~ 1 kpc), highly ionized, intricately structured, and well observed. This nebula is hence an ideal case study for understanding PN shaping and evolution processes. Accordingly, we have conducted a comprehensive imaging survey of NGC 7027 comprised of twelve HST Wide Field Camera 3 images in narrow-band and continuum filters spanning the wavelength range 0.243--1.67 microns. The resulting panchromatic image suite reveals the spatial distributions of emission lines covering low-ionization species such as singly ionized Fe, N, and Si,…
We report the detection of near-IR H$_2$ emission from the low-ionization structures (knots) in two planetary nebulae. The deepest ever, high-angular resolution H$_2$ 1-0 S(1) at 2.122$μ$, H$_2$ 2-1 S(1) at 2.248$μ$ and Br$γ$ images of K 4-47 and NGC 7662, obtained using the Near InfraRed Imager and Spectrometer (NIRI) at Gemini-North, are analyzed here. K 4-47 reveals a remarkable highly collimated bipolar structure not only in the optical but also in the molecular hydrogen emission. The H$_2$ emission emanates from the walls of the bipolar outflows and also from the pair of knots at the tip …
We present the results of a comprehensive, near-UV-to-near-IR Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 imaging study of the young planetary nebula (PN) NGC 6302, the archetype of the class of extreme bi-lobed, pinched-waist PNe that are rich in dust and molecular gas. The new WFC3 emission-line image suite clearly defines the dusty toroidal equatorial structure that bisects NGC 6302's polar lobes, and the fine structures (clumps, knots, and filaments) within the lobes. The most striking aspect of the new WFC3 image suite is the bright, S-shaped 1.64 micron [Fe II] emission that traces the southern interior…
With its bright and wide equatorial waist seen almost edge-on (the butterfly body) and the faint and broad bipolar extensions (the butterfly wings), NGC650-1 is the archetypical example of bipolar planetary nebula (PN) with butterfly morphology. We present here deep high-resolution broad- and narrow-band optical images that expose the rich and intricate fine structure of this bipolar PN, with small-scale bubble-like features and collimated outflows. A SHAPE spatio-kinematical model indicates that NGC650-1 has a broad central torus with an inclination angle of 75 degrees with respect to the lin…
[abridged] The class of water fountain nebulae is thought to represent the stage of the earliest onset of collimated bipolar outflows during the post-Asymptotic Giant Branch phase. They thus play a crucial role in the study of the formation of bipolar Planetary Nebulae (PNe). To date, 14 water fountain nebulae have been identified. The identification of more sources in this unique stage of stellar evolution will enable us to study the origin of bipolar PNe morphologies in more detail. We present the results of seven sources observed with the JVLA that were identified as water fountain candidat…
Integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy of planetary nebulae (PNe) provides a plethora of information about their morphologies and ionization structures. An IFU survey of a sample of PNe around hydrogen-deficient stars has been conducted with the Wide Field Spectrograph (WiFeS) on the ANU 2.3-m telescope. In this paper, we present the H$α$ kinematic observations of the PN M2-42 with a weak emission-line star ($wels$), and the compact PNe Hen 3-1333 and Hen 2-113 around Wolf-Rayet ([WR]) stars from this WiFeS survey. We see that the ring and point-symmetric knots previously identified in the vel…
