An increasing number of photometric observations of multiple stellar populations in Galactic globular clusters is seriously challenging the paradigm of GCs hosting single, simple stellar populations. These multiple populations manifest themselves in a split of different evolutionary sequences as observed in the cluster color-magnitude diagrams. Multiple stellar populations have been identified in Galactic and Magellanic Cloud clusters. In this paper we will summarize the observational scenario.
Aims. We present a new technique to estimate the relative ages of multiple stellar populations hosted by five globular clusters: NGC 104 (47 Tuc), NGC 6121 (M4), NGC 6352, NGC 6362 and NGC 6723. Methods. We used the catalogs of the database "HST UV Globular cluster Survey (HUGS)" to create color-magnitude and two-color diagrams of the Globular Clusters. We identified the multiple populations within each globular cluster, and we divided them into two main stellar populations: POPa or first generation (1G) and POPb, composed of all the successive generations of stars. The new technique allows us…
No evidence for multiple stellar populations in the low-mass Galactic globular cluster E 3
多重恒星星族是银河系球状星团中普遍存在的现象。尽管产生新一代恒星的浓缩物质的来源仍然不清楚,但自我浓缩很可能只在质量足以保留这种浓缩物质的星团中才是可行的。利用SOAR/Goodman多目标光谱技术,分析了低质量(M~1.4 x 10^4 M_sun)球状星团E3中23颗红巨星支星的蓝CN吸收特征,寻找了该星团中的多星族.我们发现,CN丰度并不呈现典型的双峰行为中看到的集群托管多恒星星族,而是一个单峰分布,表明存在一个真正的单一恒星星族,或丰富的水平远远低于集群,从高分辨率光谱显示两个人口的证据。E3将是第一个真正的银河系古老的球状星团,没有发现自我富集的迹象。
The existence of star-to-star light-element abundance variations in massive Galactic and extragalactic star clusters has fairly recently superseded the traditional paradigm of individual clusters hosting stars with the same age, and uniform chemical composition. Several scenarios have been put forward to explain the origin of this multiple stellar population phenomenon, but so far all have failed to reproduce the whole range of key observations. Complementary to high-resolution spectroscopy, which has first revealed and characterized chemically the presence of multiple populations in Galactic …
We review the multiple population (MP) phenomenon of globular clusters (GCs): i.e., the evidence that GCs typically host groups of stars with different elemental abundances and/or distinct sequences in photometric diagrams. Most Galactic and extragalactic clusters exhibit internal variations of He, C, N, O, Na, and Al. They host two distinct stellar populations: the first population of stars, which resemble field stars with similar metallicities, and one or more second stellar populations that show the signature of high-temperature H-burning. In addition, a sub-sample of clusters hosts stellar…
Evidence of Supernova Between Formation of Stellar Populations in a Globular Cluster
University of Notre Dame(圣母大学);Northwestern University(西北大学);Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astronomy, Northwestern University(西北大学跨学科天文探索与研究中心);Fordham University(福特汉姆大学);City University of New York(纽约市立大学)
We present new large field-of-view ($\sim$1°$\times$1°) Ca-CN photometry of the prototypical metal-rich globular cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104). Our results are the following. (1) The populational number ratios of the red giant branch (RGB) and red horizontal branch (RHB) are in excellent agreement: n(CN-w):n(CN-s) = 30:70 ($\pm$1--2), where the CN-w and CN-s stand for the CN-weak and CN-strong populations, respectively. Both the CN-s RGB and RHB populations are more centrally concentrated than those of CN-w populations are. (2) Our photometric metallicities of individual RGB stars in each popul…
A WFC3/HST view of the three stellar populations in the Globular Cluster NGC6752
哈勃太空望远镜的多波段测光显示,球状星团NGC 6752的主序星、次巨星和红巨星分支分裂成三个主要部分,与其水平分支恒星的三个不同部分非常相似。这些三重序列与三个恒星群一致:化学成分类似于场晕星的恒星星族(种群a),具有增强的钠和氮、贫化的碳和氧以及增强的氦丰度的种群(c(Δ Y ~0.03),以及具有中间(在群体a和c之间)化学组成和略微氦增强(Δ Y ~0.01)的群体(b)。这些组成部分包含约25%(星族a),约45%(星族b)和约30%(星族c)的恒星。在大约2.5个半质量半径的范围内,没有发现三个种群相对数量的径向梯度。
Since the discovery of chemically peculiar stars in globular clusters in the last century, the study of multiple populations has become increasingly important, given that chemical inhomogeneity is found in almost all globular clusters. Despite various proposed theories attempting to explain this phenomenon, fitting all the observational evidence in globular clusters with one single theory remains notoriously difficult and currently unsuccessful. In order to improve existing models and motivate new ones, we are observing globular clusters at critical conditions, e.g., metal-rich end, metal-poor…
The formation process of multiple populations in globular clusters is still up for debate. Kinematic differences between the populations are particularly interesting in this respect, because they allow us to distinguish between single-epoch formation scenarios and multi-epoch formation scenarios. We analyze the kinematics of 25 globular clusters and aim to find kinematic differences between multiple populations to constrain their formation process. We split red-giant branch (RGB) stars in each cluster into three populations (P1, P2, P3) for the type-II clusters and two populations (P1 and P2) …
Kinematics of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters with Gaia
球状星团(GC)中多个恒星星族的内部动力学对它们形成的物理过程提供了独特的约束。特别是,星团恒星的现今运动学,如自转和速度色散,似乎与系统的初始配置有关。在最近的工作中(Milone et al. 2018),我们第一次分析了NGC0104(47 Tuccino)中不同恒星星族在大视场内的运动学,利用Gaia Data Release 2自行与多波段地基测光相结合。本文基于Cordoni等人的工作。(2019),我们将这种分析扩展到六个GC,即NGC0288,NGC5904(M5),NGC6121(M4),NGC6752,NGC6838(M71),并进一步探索NGC0104。在分析的星系团中,只有NGC0104和NGC5904在天空平面上显示出明显的旋转。有趣的是,NGC5904中的多个恒星星族呈现出不同的自转曲线。
The amount of mass lost by stars during the red-giant branch (RGB) phase is one of the main parameters to understand and correctly model the late stages of stellar evolution. Nevertheless, a fully-comprehensive knowledge of the RGB mass loss is still missing. Galactic Globular Clusters (GCs) are ideal targets to derive empirical formulations of mass loss, but the presence of multiple populations with different chemical compositions has been a major challenge to constrain stellar masses and RGB mass losses. Recent work has disentangled the distinct stellar populations along the RGB and the hori…
We investigate archival Hubble Space Telescope ACS/SBC F140LP observations of NGC~1399 to search for evidence of multiple stellar populations in extragalactic globular clusters. Enhanced FUV populations are thought to be indicators of He-enhanced second generation populations in globular clusters, specifically extreme/blue horizontal branch stars. Out of 149 globular clusters in the field of view, 58 have far ultraviolet (FUV) counterparts with magnitudes brighter than 28.5. Six of these FUV-deteced globular clusters are also detected in X-rays, including one ultraluminous X-ray source ($L_X >…
Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters I: Statistical and Computational Methods
我们为由多个恒星星族组成的球状星团开发了一个贝叶斯模型,扩展了早期由简单(单个)恒星星族组成的疏散星团的统计模型(vanDyk et al. 2009,Stein et al. 2013)。具体来说,我们的模型球状星团的两个人口不同的氦丰度。我们的模型假设一个层次结构的参数,其中的物理性质-年龄,金属丰度,氦丰度,距离,吸收,和初始质量--是共同的(i)集群作为一个整体或(ii)集群内的个别人口,或(iii)个别恒星。设计了一种自适应马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法进行模型拟合,相对于其前身的非自适应MCMC算法,大大提高了收敛性。我们的模型和计算工具被纳入一个开源软件套件称为BASE-9。我们使用数值研究表明,我们的方法可以恢复两个人口集群的参数,也表明模型误指定可能被识别。作为概念的证明,我们用我们的模型和方法分析了球状星团NGC 5272的两个恒星星族。(BASE-9可从GitHub获得:https://github.com/argiopetech/base/releases)。
The Age of the Universe with Globular Clusters IV: Multiple Stellar Populations
Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley(加州大学伯克利分校);ICC, University of Barcelona(巴塞罗那大学);ICREA(加泰罗尼亚高级研究学院);Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi Università di Bologna(博洛尼亚大学);INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna(意大利国家天体物理研究所波洛尼亚天文与空间科学观测站);Lawrence Berkeley National Lab(劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室)
According to the classical view of globular clusters, stars inside globular clusters are evolved from the same giant molecular cloud. Then their stars' chemical compositions must be the same. But recent photometric and spectroscopic studies of globular clusters reveal the presence of more-than-one stellar populations inside globular clusters. This finding challenges our classical view of globular clusters. In this work, we investigated the possibility of solving multiple stellar populations problem in globular clusters using dark matter assumptions. We showed that the presence of dark matter i…